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高考英语语法语法系统讲解之二代词和数词

2024-10-18 来源:威能网
高中英语语法系统讲解之二

代词和数词

代词

根据指代对象的不同,代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词和关系代词等。

一. 人称代词:有主格个宾格两种形式,它们也有单复数变化,具体情况如下:

数 人 格 称 主格 I you he 第三人称 she it 单数 宾格 me you him her it they 主格 we you 复数 宾格 us you 第一人称 第二人称 them 1. 人称代词的主格在句中作主语或表语。如Tom waited a while but eventually he went home. Tom hoped the passenger would be Lily and indeed it was she.

温馨提示:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。如When he arrived, Tom went straight to the bank.

2. 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作表语。如I saw her with them, at least, I

thought it was her.(前一个her作宾语,them作介词宾语,后一个her作表语) 3. 人称代词的指代问题

1 不定代词anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,someone,everyone,on one,及whoever和person○

在正式场合使用时,可he,his,him代替。如Nobody came, did he?

2 动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he,she,带有亲切的感情色彩。 ○

如Give the kitty some food. She is hungry.

3 指代国家、船舶、车辆等的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。 ○

如China will always do what she has promised to do. 5. 并列人称代词的排列顺序

1 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 + 第三人称 + 第一人称。 ○

如You, he and I are of the same age.

2 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 + 第二人称 + 第三人称。 ○

如we + you + they 二. 物主代词

第一人称 第二人称 单数 形容词性 my your his 第三人称 her its 名词性 mine your his hers its their theirs 复数 形容词性 our your 名词性 ours yours 形容词性物主代词作定语;名词性物主代词作主语、宾语和表语等句子成分。

如He is my teacher.(定语) ---Whose book is this?---It’s mine.(表语) I’ve finished my homework. Have you finished yours?(宾语)

1. one’s own意为“完全属于自己的”,作前置定语;of one’s own后不可加名词,只能作后置定语。如I want

to have free time of my own. = I want to have my own free time.

2. “of + 名词性物主代词”可用作定语。如Some friends of mine will attend my birthday party.

3. 形容词性物主代词(用one’s替代)构成固定短语。如lose one’s way; do one’s homework; try one’s best;

make one’s way; earn one’s living; hold one’s breath; keep one’s word; make up one’s mind; save one’s life; take one’s time. try one’s luck..

三. 反身代词:第一、二人称的反身代词是形容词性物主代词加-self或-selves构成,第三人称的反身代词

由人称代词的宾格加-self或-selves构成。

复数 ourselves yourselves 单数 myself yourself 数 人 称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 himself herself itself themselves 在句中反身代词可作宾语、表语、同位语等。 1. 作宾语

1 有些动词常用反身代词作宾语,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave○

等。 They enjoyed themselves very much last night. Please help yourself to some fish. I could not dress (myself) up at that time.

2 用于及物动词 + 宾语 + 介词。如take pride in, be annoyed with等。 Are you trying to make a fool of ○

yourself?

2. 作表语。如I am not myself today.

3. 作同位语。如The thing itself is not important.

4. 在不强调的情况下,but,except,for等介词后的宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如No one but

myself (me) is hurt.

温馨提示: 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。如Myself drove the car.(×) I myself drove the car.(√) 四. 指示代词:用来指代或标记人或事物。常用的有this,that,these,those,such,so,the same等。

具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。 1. 指示代词this和that的区别

1 this(these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。如This ○

is my desk and that is yours.

2 this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。如 I want to ○

tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.

1 在口语中,this和that可用作副词修饰形容词,表示程度。如I didn’t realize it was going 温馨提示:○

to be this far. (=as far as this) If your friend is that clever, why isn’t he rich? 2. such用法

such一般在句中作定语和主语;在作定语时,它所修饰的名词前的不定冠词a(an)应放在such之后;而such在与不定代词no,some,any,several,many,little,few,all等连用时,such放在它们的后面。如Such is Elbert Einstein, a famous physicist.

Roger is such a nice person. All such problems have been solved. 3. so的用法

有些动词,如think,say,hear,do,hope,believe,expect,fear,be afraid等后,常用so替代上文提到的内容或情况。如---The new English teacher is very strict. ---I’ve heard so.

---Can you beat the Bulls? ---Yes, I believe so. Who do you think dare say so then? 另外,so还可以用于以下句型中作替代词使用:

1 so + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词 + 主语 (甲乙两个不同的对象具有相同的情况) ○

2 so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 连系动词(甲陈述某一情况,听话人乙赞同甲的说法) ○

3 主语 + 助动词 /情态动词 / 连系动词 + so(甲吩咐、命令乙去做某事,乙照办了) ○

如---He must be going now.---So must I. ---John studies French.---So he does. He asked me to open the window. I did so. 4. the same的用法

1 the same单独使用时,指刚提到过的同一人或物。 ○

如I bought a new house last year, but soon sold the same.

2 the same后跟as,用以引出所谈及的范围。如He is the same age as you. ○

温馨提示:the same…as “与……一样的(不是同一个)”, This is the same pen as I lost. the same…that

指“同一个”。 This is the same watch that I lost.

五. 不定代词:指代不明确的人或物。代替名词或形容词,表示不同的数量概念。

1. 不定代词的

1 every和no只能用作形容词,不能用作代词。 ○

2 复合不定代词只起代词作用,作主语时,谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合不定代词,指代代词用○

单数,即it,its;表人类的复合不定代词,指代代词通常用复数,即they,their或them等。如He said something was lost, but he didn’t say what it was.

Someone is waiting for me at the school gate, but I have no idea who they are (or who he or she is). 3 复合不定代词都不可接of短语,但some one,every one,any one都是两个词,之后可接of短语(但○

no one不可接of短语)。如Every one of the students can speak good English. 2. 不定代词的用法辨析

可数 不可数 可数 none, any, other, all, some 不可数 复合不 定代词 anyone, anybody,anything; someone, somebody, something; everyone, everybody, everything; nobody, nothing 语法特征

one, each, many, both, another, eigher, neither, (a) few much, (a) little 1 one,some与any的用法 ○

one可以泛指任何人,复数形式是ones,可用作主语和宾语;one’s是它的物主代词形式,可用作定语;oneself是它的反身代词形式,可用作主语和宾语。some和any通常都可用来修饰可数与不可数名词、单数或复数名词。some用于单数可数名词前,表示“某一”。some用于数词前,表示“大约”。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句和否定句中。

如---Do you have a pen?---Yes, I have one (= a pen).(泛指) One should not praise oneself. I have some money in my pocket, but it is not enough. Do you have any?

1 some可用于表示邀请、 温馨提示:○请求、答案肯定的问句中,如Could you let me have some coffee?(请求) Would you like some bananas?(邀请)

2 some和any可用作主语和宾语。如Some are singing, while others are dancing.(主语) ○

Does any of you know Mr Wang?(主语) I don’t like any of the books.(宾语) 2 another,other,the other,others,the others的用法 ○不定代词 another 何一个,另一个 don’t like this coat. Show me another,please. 只作定语,常与复数名词或不可数名词连用;但如果前面另外的,相当于形other 容词 my,your,his等时,则可与单数名词连用,如any other plant, every other day 常与one连用,构成:one…the other…“一个……另一the other 两者中的另一个 个……”;作定语修饰复数名词时,表示另一方中的“全部其余的” 是other的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部),不others the others 泛指别的人或物 能作定语,构成some…others… 特指其余的人或物 是the other的复数形式,特指其余的人或物,常构成some…the others… 有the,this,that,some,any,each,every,no,one及意义 三者以上中的任用法说明 指三者或三者以上中的任何一个,用作代词或形容词,如I 3all,both,either,each,neither和every的用法 ○ all 词性 数量 意义、用法 1.作主语指“所有的人”时谓语为复数,指“所有的事情”pron. 三个以上的人或物 时,谓语为单数。 2.not无论放在all前还是后,都是部分否定,全部否定用none,除了all之外,both,each,every以及由every构成的不定代词,加not都是部分否定,若要表示全部否定,需要借助neither,nothing,no one,nobody和no构成不定代词等词。 3.可以和of短语连用。 both either pron. 两个人或物 两者中任何pron. 一个 可以和of短语连用。 还可作副词,表示“也”,用在否定句句尾。 neither pron. 两者都不 pron. 两者以上的each adj. every adj. 的每一个 每一个 三者以上中还可表示“也不”,此时以neither开头常用倒装形式。 1.强调个体 2.可以与of短语连用 1.强调整体 2.不能与of短语连用 4 none,no one,nothing与no的用法 ○

A. none既可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指概念,常用来回答how many / much引导的疑问句;no one

只能指人,且只能是泛指概念,常用来回答who引导的疑问句;nothing“什么也没有”,否定一切,常用来回答what引导的疑问句。如---How many people are there in the room now?---None. ---Who is in the room?---No one / Nobody.

B. none后面可加of引导的介词短语,而something / anything / everything / nothing; someone / anyone / everyone / no one却不能。

C. no = not any,在句子中作定语,修饰可数或不可数名词。none在句中作主语或宾语。 如There is no water in the well.(定语) None of them knows the story.(主语) I know none of them.(宾语) 易错误区:全部否定和部分否定

none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither, not any以及no + 名词均表示全部否定;但当not出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句中时,not在其前或其后均表示部分否定。 如Both of us are not teachers.(或Not both of us are teachers.) (部分否定) Neither of us in a teacher.(全部否定)

All of the books are not English books.(或Not all of the books are English books.) (部分否定)

None of the books are English books. (全部否定)

另外:any所修饰的名词或由any构成的复合名词作主语时,谓语动能不能用否定式。 如Anything cannot stop him going there.(×) Nothing can stop him going there.(√) 5 few, a few, little 与a little的用法 ○

few a few little 词义 用法 例句 Few of them can speak French. I have only a few books. Little has been done to end the strike. a little 有一点(肯定) 修饰不可数名词 A little water is enough.

温馨提示:not a bit = not at all not a little = very (much) ---Would you mind my

opening the window?---Not a bit.

I have been working foe ten hours without stopping. I’m not a little tired. 6 many与much的用法 ○

主要用于疑问句和否定句,肯定句多用a lot of;many修饰可数名词;much修饰不可数名词。如Do you have many friends there? Do they take much interest in it?

much用作副词修饰比较级,“……得多”。如I feel much better now.

六. 相互代词(each other,one another):相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分

别为each other’s,one another’s,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。如They looked at each other and laughed. We can wear each other’s clothes. We all try and help one another.

七. 疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose等):在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、和表语等。 八. 连接代词:引导名词性中从句的从句;关系代词:引导定语从句。 九. 替代词it(them),one(ones),that(those)的用法

1. it指代前面出现的单数名词;them指代前面出现的复数名词。如Yesterday I lost my pen, but I’ve found it. Yesterday I lost my pens, but I’ve found them.

2. one指代一个不确定的泛指的人或物,它代替的名词是“a + 名词”。其复数为ones。 如Yesterday I lost my pen, but now I’ve bought one.

Yesterday I lost my pens, but now I’ve bought ones.

几乎没有(否定) 修饰可数名词复数 有几个(肯定) 修饰可数名词复数 几乎没有(否定) 修饰不可数名词 3. that指代特定的,但不是同一事物,可指代可数名词或不可数名词,它代替的名词是“the + 名词”。其复数为those。如My seat is next to that of our teacher.

Compare your answers with those of your classmates. 十. it的用法

1. 用作人称代词,代替上文提到过的事物。如He bought a new house last year and he has moved into it now. It’s a cold-blood one.

2. 用以代替指示代词this,that。如---What’ this?---It’s a flag.

3. 当说话者不清楚或无必要知道说话对象的性别时,也可用it来表示。

如It’s a lovely baby. Is it a boy or a girl?

---Who is making such a noise?---It must be the children.

4. it无指代性,常用作没有具体意义的主语,出现于表示天气、气候、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。如It is six miles to the nearest hospital from here. It was very cold; it snowed and grew dark. 5. it也常用来表示一般的笼统的情况。

如It’s awful—I’ve got so much work I don’t know where to start. 6. 可在介词后占有宾语的位置,然后通过that引出一个介词宾语从句。 如You may depend on it that they will support you.

7. 作形式主语:当动词不定式、动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式

主语。如It’s foolish talking like that.

8. 作形式宾语:当不定式或动名词短语作宾语说,常把它们置于宾补之后,而用it作句子的形式宾语。如

I felt it my right to know the truth.

9. 用于强调句型:要强调句子的某一部分(通常是主语、状语、宾语),可以用于强调句型“It is(was)+ 被强调部分 + that(who)+ 句子的其余部分”。如果强调的部分是人, 可用who,whom代替that。 10. it引起的几个易混时间句型:

1 It + be + 时间 + since-clause,“自从……以来已多久了”如It is three years since she life Beijing. It is ○

three years since she lived in Beijing.

2 It + be + 时间 + before-clause,主句中的谓语动词用肯定式,意为“过多长时间才……”;主句中的谓○

语动词是否定式时,意为“没过多长时间就……”。主句的时态可用过去时was或将来时will be;用

was时,before从句的动词用一般过去时;用will be时,before从句常用一般现在时。如It was not long before she learned those poems by heart.

It was long before the police arrived. It will be hours before he makes a decision.

3 It + be + 时间 + when-clause,主句中的谓语顶次和从句中的位于动词在时态上一般是一致的,主句是○

will be,when从句用一般现在时代替将来时。如It was already 8 o’clock when we got home. It was the next morning when we finished our work. It will be midnight when they get there. 数词

一. 数词的基本用法 1. 基数词

100以下的基本基数词 1~10 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 11~19 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 20~90 20 twenty 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 a / one hunderd 1,000 a / one thousand 1,000,000 a / one million 1,000,000,000 a / one billion (美) a / one thousand million (英) 100以上的基本基数词 7 seven 17 seventeen 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 1 1~12为独立单词 ○

18 eighteen 19 nineteen 2 13~19在个位数词的词干上加后缀-teen构成 ○

3 20~90以-ty结尾 ○

4 21~99在十位与个位之间加连字符“-”,如36写成thirty-six ○

5 101~999由hundred加and再加二位数或末位数,如263写成two hunderd and sixty-three ○

506写成five hunderd and six

6 hundred,thousand,million以及billion表示确切数字时不能加-s,如five hunderd;而在表示不确定数○

目时,表示“数以……计的”,要用复数形式,如hundreds of;thousand of;millions of。

1 英语中没有表示“万”和“亿”的数词,“万”用“十千”即“ten thousand”表示; 温馨提示:○

2 书写四位以上的数字时,右起每三位“亿”则用“100个百万”即“one hundred million”表示。 ○

加一个“,”。每一个“,”号的前一位依次为thousand,million,billion。如123,406,571,982,读作“one hundred and twenty-three billion four hundred and six million five hundred and seventy-one thousand nine hundred and eight-two”. 7 dozen的用法 ○

A. 与数词,many,several等连用时,不加“-s”,所修饰的名词前常省去“of”。

如two dozen eggs many dozen pencils

B. 当所修饰的名词之前有限定词these,those,my,your等或是人称代词宾格them,us,you时,这时

需要加of。如two dozen of these pens three dozen of them

C. dozen用其复数形式,后加of表示不的数量,意为“许多,几十”。如dozens of people 8 score的用法 ○

A. 单复数形式相同,与基数词连用共同修饰名词时,除a score of外,其他情况下不加of。 如two score eggs three score people four score and ten pigs

B. 其复数形式后加of,表示不确定数量,意为“许多”,如scores of students 2. 序数词

1 从第一至第十九 ○

其中,one—first, two—second, three—third, five—fifth, eight—eighth, nine—ninth,

twelve—twelfth为特殊形式,其他的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加“th”构成。如six—sixth 2 从二十至第九十九 ○

整数第几十的形成由其对应的基数词改变词尾字母y为i,再加“eth”构成。

如twenty—twentieth。表示第几十几时,用几十的基数词形式加上连字符“-”和个位序数词形式一起

表示。如第三十一 thirty—first 3 第一百以上的多位序数词 ○

由基数词的形式变最后数为序数词形式来表达。

如第一百二十一 one hundred and twenty-first 4 序数词的缩写形式 ○

1 序数词前面通常加定冠词the,表示“第几”,但也可以在前面用不定冠词a或an,意 温馨提示:○

为“又……再……。如Try a secone time and you’ll succeed. After having the fourth apple, the boy ate a fifth one.

2 基数词与序数词连用时,通常是序数词在前。如the first three pages of the book ○

3 序数词之前已有物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用定冠词。 ○

如I’ll never forget that first lesson taught by Mr Wang. Have you read his second novel? 二. 小数、分数、百分数的表达法及基本用法

1. 分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于1时,分母的序数词要用复数形

式。如三分之一one (a) third 三分之二 two thirds 一又三分之二one and two thirds

注意:二分之一one (a) half 四分之一one (a) quarter

2. 百分数由基数词后直接加percent构成。如30% 30 percent (per cent)

3. 表示几分之几(或百分之几)的人或物时,须在分数(或百分数)和人或物间加of。若充当主语,谓

语动词的数须和of后的名词的数保持一致。

如About three-fifths of the workers in that steel works are young people. Sixty percent of her income was spent on clothes.

温馨提示:分数、百分数等也可用于下面的各种表达法中。如We increased 20% as many products as last year. We lost the game by one score. 三. 倍数的表达法

表示倍数时,一倍用once,两倍用twice / double,三倍以上用基数词 + times。数词表达倍数主要有以下几种方式:

1. double / twice / three times / four times as many / much…as…型 如We have produced three times as

many computers as we did last year.

2. double / twice / three times / four times the size of…型 用法与size相同的名词常用的有:weight, height,

depth, width, age, length等。如China is almost twice / double the size of Mexico in area.

3. double / twice / three times / four times + what从句型 如The length of the road is twice / double what is

was three years ago.

4. double / twice / three times / four times + 比较级 + than型 如I am twice older than you. He has read three times more books than I have.

5. 比较级 + than …+ by + 倍数程度型 如The line is longer than that one by twice. 四. 数学公式中的加、减、乘、除表达法

加法用plus,减法用minus,乘法用times,除法用divided by表示;等号用is或equals或is equal to表示。如Nine and thirty is thirty-nine.=Nine plus thirty is thirty-nine Ten minus three is seven. = Three from ten leaves seven.

Seven times seven equals forty-nine. Thirty-six divided by six is six. 五. 编号表达法

基数词,序数词均可用于编号,习惯上多用基数词,尤其是数字较长时。

如Number 3 Middle School Class Six, Grade Two Room 405 (four 0 five) 0543-3323086 (0 five four three- three three two three 0 eight six 六. 时间的表达法 1. 年月日的表达法

英语中年月日的表达法与中文不一样,它可以有两种形式,即:月、日、年或日、月、年。年份要放在最后,且多用阿拉伯数字表示;月份只能用英语表示;日期通常用序数词读出。如1999年2月28日 Feb 28th,1999 2. 钟点表达法

6点 at 6:00 / at six o’clock / at 6 o’clock / at six 6点15分 at 6:15 / at fifteen past six / at six fifteen 6点40分 at 6:40 / at twenty to seven / at six forty

注意:当分钟>30时,一般用介词to 如8:45 at fifteen to nine 当分钟≤30时,一般用介词past 如8:15 at fifteen past eight 3. 年龄表示法

1 用基数词表示年龄。如The boy is ten (years old). ○

2 表示在多大年龄时,其前用介词at,即at(+ the age of)+ 基数词。 ○

如at the age of 17 = at 17

3 表示“在某人的几十岁”时,可用介词in + one’s + 整十位数的复数形式。 ○

如Tom worked as a doctor in his thirties

4 与基数词合成的定语,其中的名词用单数。如a five-year-old boy; a ten-year plan ○

5 表示○“一个五岁的男孩”,如a boy of five = a boy of five years old = a boy of five years of age = a five-year-old

boy

七. 数词的语法功能

数词在句子中,可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语。

如The third is better than the other two.(主语) Sunday is the first day of a week.(定语)

Is there any food left for us two?(同位语) This rope is one-fifth longer than one.(状语) Mr. Smith was the tenth to be present.(表语) I prefer the second to the first.(宾语)

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