Whether the human mind or machines are superior, depends on they must cooperate with each other. Although the human mind is sometimes superior to machines but without it, our world will become isolated and inefficient. It is hard to codetermine which is more important.
Machines are always remaining under human control, because human minds can control the action of machines but the machine can only do the repetition and never change human minds. From the stand view of goal of producing machines, we use machines as tools. For example, when human started to cook a first animal, the curtain of the history that our using tools is opened. Nowadays, our world evolves to a modern one, which is marked by usage of millions of latest machines, tools, equipments. What more, no matter how a machine is intelligent; it cannot design even a new shape of a biscuits. But to human mind, even a little child can imagine out a new shape of a biscuit.
Because Machines’ function is determined by the designers, and can only serve people, and all the work they do is to process the information they get with these methods. So compared with human mind their work is defined in a relative narrow range. And human minds know everything about the principle on which machines operate, but know only a little about their brain. The latter is far more than current machines as far as we know.
In some sense the machine is the masterpiece of the human minds or the expression in a material way. There are no any similarity between machine and human minds. So there is no need to claim the human minds is superior to the machines. Though machines have so many weaknesses in contrast to human mind, it does do many boring work efficiently instead of human mind. Machines need little time to rest, so it can work for a long time. They are very useful and helpful in the work of human. Human invent the machine because it can serve them and there is no doubt that machine can take place of the human beings to work in many realms such as some dangerous works, calculation works, because machine can runs faster and remembers more data than human mind do. However, in future, as the advance of the biology science and genetic technology accelerates, human may make machines as smart as us or even superior than us. And the Computer scientist has found some method to emulate the function of the human brain through a large
quantity of computation too.
In sum, over-emphasizing the machine is superior to the human mind or inferior to the human minds is unilateral. Human minds are to machine what jockey is to the instrument there is no any similarity between them. Without machines, our world becomes isolated and ineffective and inefficient. Without human's minds, machine is just a heap of useless bulky objects. So, machines and human must cooperate with each other, it cannot say which one is superior.
无论是人类的头脑或者机器是优越,取决于他们必须互相配合。虽然人类的头脑有时比机器,但没有它,我们的世界就会变得孤立和效率低下。很难codetermine哪个更重要。机器总是剩余有赖人类控制,因为人类的心灵可以控制机器的作用,但这台机器只能做的重复和从来没有改变人类的心灵。从站的角度生产目标机,我们用机器为研究工具。例如,当人类开始做饭的窗帘首先动物,我们使用工具的历史被打开。如今,我们的世界演变成一个现代化的一个特征是它的用法,数以百万计的最新的机器、工具、设备。还有什么,无论机器是如何是智慧的,它不能设计甚至一种新的形状的饼干。但是人类的头脑,甚至小孩可以想象出一个新形状的饼干。因为机器的功能是由设计师的设计,而且只能为人民服务,所有的工作,他们做是处理信息,他们得到用这些方法。所以比起人类心智他们的工作是在一种相对狭窄的范围界定。与人类的大脑知道有关的一切,那台机器的原则运作,但只知道一点关于他们的大脑。后者是远超过目前的机器就像我们所知道的。从某种意义上说这机器是人心的经典代表作或物质上的表达。没有任何机器与人类的大脑之间的相似之处。所以没有必要声称人类智慧优于机器。虽然机器有这么多的弱点,相比之下,人类思维,它的确做很多无聊的工作效率来代替人的头脑。机器需要多少时间来休息,所以它可以工作了很长时间。他们非常有用,在工作的人。人类发明的机器,因为
它会事奉他们,毫无疑问,机器可以取代人类工作在许多领域,如一些危险的工作,计算工作,因为机器能跑得更快并且记住更多的数据比人类思维做。然而,在未来,为生物科学的进步和遗传技术就会加速,人类可能会使机器像妳这麽聪明我们甚至优于我们。和计算机科学家也发现一些方法来模仿人类大脑的功能,通过大量的计算也是。总之,over-emphasizing机器优越之于人类思想或低人一等,人类的心灵是单方面的。人类的大脑是机器有什么骑师是对仪器没有任何他们之间的相似之处。没有机器,世界变得孤立无援、无效和低效。没有人类的心灵,机器是只剩下一堆无用的粗大的物体。所以,机器和人类都必须互相配合,它无法说哪一本是优越的。
160 1的确，对正确的原则和目标坚定不移是成功的保证，Franklin Roosevelt的新政，the Great Depression。
2但是还是应该听取大众的意见。否则，将失信于民。一方面，过分的坚定导致固执Adolph Hitler；另一方面，不听从大众意见会导致失去群众基础，下台；
3合格的领导者必须具备其他方面的素质。比如说较高的道德和伦理标准，比如说不屈不挠的精神。
An effective leader should have the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and aims and this ability is the most essential quality of such a leader because any leader who is easily influenced by others opinion would not accomplish at all.
To begin with, we should understand what the job of a leader is. Usually, a leader is a person who guides a group of people for a certain purpose. For example, the leader of a basketball team is the one who helps the whole team to win more victory; the leader of a company is the person who supervise and manage the company for making more money; the leader of a country is the one who rule the country for the interests of all
people in that country. If a leader is often influenced by the popular ideas, he would do little in guiding or directing such a group and hence the existence of this leader is unnecessary. People in that group could rule themselves for being a leader or not, the decisions are always made according to the popular opinion.
Furthermore, a leader should make his decision according the truth and just principles instead of the words come from other people. Many cases in history provide examples that when the leader begins to believe only several people, the group led by him is going to fail. One example is that in ancient China, in late Ming Dynasty, the emperor only listened to the eunuchs and they believed those eunuchs so much that they even did not care about the fact and their own principles. As a result, the corruption was very severe in the society and the economy was falling rapidly because the eunuchs, who always did not know how to rule a country, often praised people who bride them and criticize people who were against them. And as a result, many inadequate people became officials. The destiny of such a Dynasty is to be replaced by another. From this example, we could see that for a leader, it is very dangerous to be influenced easily by others rather than judge from the truth.
Another reason for the consistent commitment is essential to a leader is that a leader, usually elite in a society, should have foresight of what is good for the public while the public always change their idea frequently under the influence of the society and media. For example, when George Washington led the Independence War against the United Kingdom in American, many people asked him to declare himself a king. Albeit it was a popular opinion in that era, Washington, as a prominent leader in American history, refused to become a king and even refused to continue his presidency after finishing two terms. What Washington did is proved to be right today
because he set the model for the democracy system in the United States. George Washington, as a successful leader, has the ability to remain consistently committed to his faith and therefore, become a hero of the U.S.
However, people might argue that if one leader only remains committed to his own believe, would this leader become bigoted? The answer is no because to remain consistent to particular principles and objectives does not mean not to listen to the opinions of others. On the contrary, a prominent leader should be good at adopt the suggestions of others and judging these ideas according to the elementary principles. Only in this way could a leader become successful.
In conclusion, I entirely agree that the most essential quality of a successful leader is the ability to remain consistently faithful to particular principles without being influenced by popular ideas.
一个卓有成效的领导者应该有能力继续坚持对特定原则和目标的影响,这才是最本质的品质这样的总统,因为任何领导者谁是容易受他人的意见会无法做到的事。
首先,我们应该明白工作是一个领导者。通常,领导是一个人引导一群人为了某种用途。例如,篮球的领导团队为帮助整个团队赢得更多的胜利;他们的领导公司的人,就是监督和管理公司为了赚钱;一个国家的领袖,是谁统治这个国家利益的所有的人都在那个国家。如果一个领导的往往是受到流行观点,但是他不会在这样的一个集体指导、指挥,并因此这位领导人的存在是不必要的。人们在那个团队能统治,为自己做领导与否,决定都是根据流行的观点。
此外,一个领导者应使自己决定根据真理和公正的原则,而不是来自别人的话。在历史上,很多情况下,提供的例子,当领头的开始相信,只有几个人,这个组织由他领导是要失败的。一个例子是,在古代的中国,在明代后期,皇帝只听太监、和他们相信那些太监以至于他们甚至不关心的事实和自己的原则。作为一个结果,腐败问题非常严重的社会和经济的迅速下降,因为太监,他们总是不知道怎样统治一个国家的人,他们经常赞扬和批评新娘的人来攻击他们。作为结果,许多不足已成为人们的官员。这样一个王朝的命运将接替由另一个。从这个例子中,我们可以看出一个领袖,这是非常危险的,对判断轻易被其他人,而不是事实。
一贯的承诺的另一个原因是必要的,一个领导者就认识到,一个领导者,通常在一个社会,应该精英有远见的什么是好的对公众而改变自己的想法公众总是频繁的影响下社会和媒体。例如,当乔治·华盛顿领导独立战争的反对英国在美国,很多人问他宣布他自己是王。虽然这是一个受欢迎的意见在那个时代,华盛顿,作为一个重要的领导人在美国历史上,拒绝作王,甚至拒绝继续他的总统任期结束后两个术语。华盛顿所做的证明是正确的,因为他今天该模型对民主制度在美国。乔治·华盛顿,作为一个成功的领导者,有能力保持始终如一地忠于他的信心,因此,成为一个英雄的美国
然而,人们可能会认为如果一个人领导只依然坚守自己的信念,将这位领导人变得固执?答案是否定的,因为保持一致对特定原则和目标并不意味着不听别人的意见。相反,一位杰出的领导者应该善于采用建议和他人的判断这些想法根据基本原则。只有用这种方式才能成为成功的领导者。
总之,我完全同意,最根本的质量的一个成功的领导者的能力是保持一贯忠实于特定原则而不被受到流行的想法。 164
Whether it is right or wrong to make theories before one has collected affluent evidences is a complex issue, far more complicated than the author suggests. I concur with the author partially because in certain area, like scientific researches, there is a clear necessity to accumulate data to substantiate the presumptions; nevertheless, in some other cases the significance of data obviously surbodinates to other factos in the process of determination or theorization.
The most persuasive example blostering the author's claim has much to do with scientific discoveries and technological advances. Common sense tells us that scientists permit no irresponsible claims and fraudulence to the public, thereby careful gathering and thorough examination of the data come into full play in scientific researches. A case in point involves Thomas Edison, the father of electrinic bulb who made thousands of fervent attempts to discover the most desirable material. Although frustrated by millions of times of failure, he never quit and the data attained and accumulated through every experience of failing ultimately gave birth to success. Thus, enough data can help people confidently draw conclusions and prevent immature ones that could otherwise waste the resources allocated by governments, especially in the case of projects needing enormous financial support.
However, on a societal level, privileges should sometimes be given to emotional appeals and sensation, rather than data, the symbol of rigorous attitude and intelligence. Tradition has it, for example that whenever people are devastated by natural disasters, such as avalanche, blizzard, acid rain or any other unexpected catastrophe, what immediately comes to the mind of a responsible and efficient government is taking emergent actions to decrease the amount of casualties to the lowest level, rather than to ask the local officials to hand over a precise and truthful pamphlet based on data. That is to say, the significance of humanity and sensation, to some extent, far outweighs the role of data, which merely presents facts in front of the audience coldly and disinterestedly.
The last point I want to illucidate is the positive consequence generated by keeping a balance between data and emotion. One needs look no futher to find that our so-called problems about poverty, homelessness, discrimination for people of color, to name a few, actually exist in almost every period of human history. That is to say, the approach to solve these problems by collecting enough data would never come into use as these social disadvantages manifest themselves in various forms and new data will swarm into our eyes all the time. Therefore, anyone who gets down to fundamentals will agree that to remedy some problems in our society requires a reasonable equilibrium between some data and abundant data.
In the final analysis, I admit that the significance of data permits no neglect, especially
when it comes to scientfic research. However, the author overstates the importance of facts without any consideration for the negative consequences accompanying the undue concern with data. After all, a proper balance between data and emotion serves an ever-lasting benefit to human beings.
不管它是正确的还是错误的,使理论在一个已收集了富裕的证据是一个复杂的问题,远比看上去的复杂,作者建议。我同意作者部分,因为在特定地区,如科技成果,有一个明确的必要性,积累数据来证实的设想;尽管如此,在其他一些案例数据明显的意义surbodinates到其他factos测定过程中或理论化。
最有说服力的例子blostering作者的申请已经很大程度上与科学发现和技术的进步。常识告诉我们,科学家们不允许不负责任的索赔和欺骗性给公众,从而小心采集和彻底的审查的数据来发挥科学研究的重要技术。一个恰当的例子包括托马斯·爱迪生灯泡的父亲,electrinic成千上万的火热的人试图发现最理想的材料。虽然受挫折,数百万次的失败,他从不放弃,数据获得的经验和积累了通过每一个失败最终生的成功。因此,足够的数据可以帮助人们满怀信心地得出结论并否则那些能防止不成熟的由政府分配的资源浪费,特别是在案件需要巨大的财政支持项目。
然而,在社会领域内,特权有时应该给情感诉求和感觉,而不是数据的象徵,严谨的态度和智慧。举例来说,传统,每当人们遭受自然灾害,如雪崩,暴雪,酸雨或任何其他意想不到的灾难,立即浮现脑海里的一个负责任的、高效的政府正采取紧急行动,减少伤亡的数量降到最低水平,而不是问问当地官员移交准确、真实的小册子基于数据。也就是说,人类和动感的意义,在某种程度上,远远超过其角色的数据,它只需呈现一些事实在听众面前冷冷地、disinterestedly。
最后一点我想illucidate所产生的积极影响数据之间的平衡和情感。看起来没有人需要进一步地发现我们所谓的问题关于贫穷、无家可归、歧视,因为人的颜色(仅举几例,实际上存在于几乎每个时期的人类历史。也就是说,解决这些问题的方法,通过收集到足够的数据不会投入使用,因为这些社会弊端显露出形式多样,新数据将涌入我们的眼睛。因此,凡使出了基本面会同意,以弥补一些问题在我们的社会需要一个合理的平衡之间的一些数据和大量的资料。
在最后的分析中,我承认这个意义的数据允许半点疏忽,尤其是当它牵涉到scientfic研究。然而作者夸大事实的重要性不考虑任何对价的负面后果相伴的过分关注的数据。毕竟,一个适当的平衡和情感服务数据之间的不可磨灭的好处给人类。
167It is impossible for an effective political leader to tell the truth all the time. Complete
honesty is not a useful virtue for a politician.
The speaker asserts that it is inevitable for a polititian sometimes to tell a lie to the public, complete honesty is impossible. I agree insofar as that in many cases lying to the public may benefit the politician and the society. Nevertheless in the long run a politician should be honest, and dishonesty would eventualy do harm not only to the politician himself but also the whole society.
The chief reason why an effective political leader should lie to the public is that a politician has to render himself welcomed and credible among the public. To attain this simple and obvious purporse a political leader must expose his certain positive aspects, and his politicy and measure must pander to most people's interest. Noboby could accepts a politician who lacks of confidence or has certain unacceptable disadvantages. Therefore a political leader has no choice but to conceal his own flaws and vulnerability. He must always seems as full of confidence, and he must show his great dicision when confronting a critical event concerned the prospect of the country or state.
Another factor accouting for politicians' dishonesty lies in the fact that they must withhold the crutial information about the security of the country. If a politician exposed certain crutial information such as the reality of the country's military ablily for being honest, the society would involves danger. I believe that a political leader can be understood and must be usually reminded to keep secret in order to secure the country. When it comes to the crutial cases concerned the whole country's security, concealing the real case can benefit the public.
Athough sometimes a political leader must tell a lie to the public, I belive that an undue dishonesty will disturb social order and do harm to the public. In my observation, a politician should tell the truth to the public with the surveillance from the media, take the watergate scandal for example, at the time the president Nixon can't conceal the information about the whole thing with the pressure of media. Concealing the truth to the public sometimes will do harm, for example in 2003, some Asian countries conceal the true situation of SARS to the public, and this unadvisable measure led to a disaster not only to the native but also to the whole continent. In my view holding some transparency in the policy and necessary open to the public is very necessary and can benefit the public. The political leader should determine what should be open to the public and what is unapproprietely exposed. To sum up, a political leader need conceal some real situation to the public, a complete honesty can harm rather than benefit us. However, simultaneously the politician need the public's support, his certain policies and measures must be exposed to the public and it is very essential and appropriete to to tell the truth. The politician should be able to differentiate the distinction of the both.
它是一个有效的政治领袖不可能一直都讲真话的。绝对的诚实是无用的美德为一位政治家。
演讲者断言它是不可避免的一个polititian有时撒谎公众的一样,完全的诚实是不可能的。我同意在,在很多情况下,欺骗公众利益的政客和服务社会而工作。不过从长远来看一个政治家应该是真诚的,和不诚实行为会造成伤害eventualy不仅对政客自己,而是整个社会。 最主要的原因为什麽一个有效的政治领袖应该躺到公众的,就是一个政治家使自己受欢迎和可信的公众的行为。为达到这个简单明了的各种政治领导人必须揭发他一定的积极方面,他的政策和措施必须迎合大多数人的利益。也没人能接受的政治家,缺乏信心或有一定的不可接受的缺点。因此一位政治领袖,别无选择,只好隐瞒自身的缺点和弱点了。他必须总是似乎充满了信心,而他必须表现出他的伟大的决定当面对关键事件有关的前景,该国家或者状态。 会计的另一因素为政客的不诚实在于,他们必须保持信息的crutial的外交政策和国家安全。
如果一个政治家的信息,例如某些crutial暴露的现实为其国家的军事ablily是诚实的,社会将涉及到危险。我相信一位政治领袖,是可以理解的,必须提醒保密通常为了保卫自己的国家。当谈到crutial相关案例的整个国家的安全,掩盖了真实的案例可以使公众受益。
虽然有时要告诉一位政治领袖,说谎的公共利益,我相信是一种不负责任的不诚实的扰乱社会秩序和伤害公众。在我的观察,政治家应该把事实告诉公众监督从媒体,以“水门事件”为例,在当时的总统尼克松无法隐藏的信息对所有的事都与压力的媒体。对公众隐瞒事实有时会造成伤害,例如在2003年,一些亚洲国家隐瞒真实情况的非典的公众,这欠合理措施导致了灾害不仅为母语的而且对于整个大陆。在我的看法中持有一些透明度政策和必要的对公众开放是非常必要的和可以使公众受益。政治领袖应该决定什么应该向公众开放的,什么是unapproprietely暴露。
综上所述,一位政治领袖需要隐藏某些实际情况给公众,一个完全的诚实会伤害而不是我们有利。然而,同时这位政治家需要公众的支持,他的某些政策和措施必须暴露在公众和是非常关键的,和appropriete说出真相。这位政治家应该能够区分两者的区别。
30思路：技術的目的僅僅是提高人們的效率嗎？而效率提高了，人們真的能夠有更多的閒暇時光嗎？
1、 首先，技術的提高至少還有以下重要的目的：第一，改善人們的生活質量。第二，幫助人們做到一些人類憑藉自己的力量無法做到的事情，如飛行、航行等等，特別是進入21世紀之後向宇宙空間的開發和遷徙。第三，治療疾病，延長生命，減輕人的肉體痛苦。 2、 如果技術的進步僅僅以提高人們的效率為目標，那麽技術將會給人們的生活帶來更多的消極影響：技術的進步、效率的提高、生活節奏的加快，很可能會導致生活質量下降、人們疲於奔命，心理壓力增加，類似于進入了資本主義的鉄龍（Iron Cage）般失去真正的方向、模糊人生的意義。
而技術的提高也並不一定能夠給人們更多的閒暇時光。對於閒暇時光和人們的放鬆而言，更多取決於人的心態(attitudes)，而並不一定是由工作的類型和工作中輔助人們的技術決定的。如果人們自己的態度心態就是多工作、多賺錢、實現遠大抱負，那麽技術越進步，閒暇時間應該越減少，相應的，人也變得越來越忙碌。
deas: technology point is just to increase people's efficiency? And more efficient, people really can have more leisure time?
1, first, technology improvements at least have the following important purpose: first, to improve the quality of people's lives. Second, to help people do some humans rely on own strength cannot do, such as flying, navigation and so on, especially in the 21st century to the universe after developing and migration. Third, cure diseases and prolong life, reduce a person physical pain.
2, if the technology progress by only to increase people's efficiency as the goal, then technology will give people of life bring more negative influence: the technology progress and efficiency, life rhythm speeding up, is likely to lead to life quality drops, people unfinnished psychological pressure increases, similar to enter the capitalist Iron objects like little dragon (Cage) lose true direction, fuzzy the meaning of life.
But technology advances also must not able to give people more leisure time. For his leisure
time and people relaxation is concerned, depends more on people's mentality (attitudes), and not necessarily the types and work by work in the aid people of technical decisions. If the people's own attitude mentality is much work, to make more money, fated, so the higher the technology progress, leisure time should, accordingly, the more reduce also becomes more and more busy. 63
In which way we truly understand our own culture? Should it necessary for us to get knowledge from another distinctly different culture, as the speaker contends? On balance, I agree with the speaker, since the cultural globalization is a trend in today's world, however, in some cases, I reserve my own opinion.
If we could trace the time to thousands years back. It seemed that the knowledge did little to those great article accomplishments which contributed to our national culture. The concept of world in that era referred to one and another \"close\" countries and tribes. The communication with outside world was nearly impossible. For instance, we cannot witness such sense if we were in that age: a Chinese and his English friend were talking about the literature. However, with the helping of time, it is well known that culture, or may say the traditional culture, is the fundamental of today's culture. As well the influential and talent artists who were only analyzed in his own culture were accounted in the history. How can we explain such fact with the speaker's contention? In my humble opinion, just the pure thinking and ideas of only one kind of culture, could separate this culture from the common ones, and indirectly make the tribe, the nation different.
But the knowledge from another culture seems to be important and essential in today's world, especially in observing and comparing two different cultures. The most talent and famous cultural observers, in America, are all foreigners. And they have a point in common that all of them have a profound analysis in other culture, like Europe. Through the comparison with Europe, they objectively explain a succession of problems existed in U. S.'s society and culture, from the population of gigi-----one form from Jazz music, to the \"America exceptionlism\classic arts form. In most cases, a viewer outside will provide a more clear and instruction point. Since that is the way in analyzing America, also the way in analyzing the each county.
If we are getting touch with the world, we will strongly feel the trend of cultural globalization. Not only America, the biggest melting pot in this age, but the entire world are communicating and developing rapidly. Some Chinese painters could devote themselves to the impressionism and symbolism, while West painters are learning the traditional Chinese paintings. In short, any one culture today is a mirror of the entire culture of the world. The ideas, impulses, thinking, and even concepts are consistently changing, melting, combining. Thus, without handing another culture will be hard to get deep in our own culture.
In sum, in the very early, pointing to only our own culture will be the best and only way. Thousands years have passed in a flash. In today's world, the former way apparently could
not satisfy the individual's and society’s needs. We are learning the culture of others’, we are learning ours, and also we are learning the world’s.
我们真正了解它于我们的文化吗?它应该是对我们有必要获得知识,从另一个截然不同的文化,发言者争辩吗?总的来说我同意演讲者,自从文化全球化是一个趋势,在今天的世界里,但是,在某些情况下,我保留我的意见。
如果我们能追踪它的时间向成千上万年前。似乎这知识并没有为那些伟大成就的文章态度,使我们的民族文化。的概念,在那样的时代称为世界上一个又一个“封闭”的国家和部落。与外部世界的沟通,几乎是不可能的。例如,我们无法目击这样的意义上,即便我们在那个年龄:中国有和他的朋友在谈论英语文学。然而,帮助的时候,众所周知,文化,或者会说这个传统文化,是当今的文化中最基本的东西。人才是也有影响力的人物,也就是唯一地分析了艺术家在自己的文化进行了测算的历史。我们如何能解释这样的事实与议长的这一论点?依我拙见,只是纯粹的思想和理念,只有一种文化,这种文化可以单独从普通的人,也间接地使部族,国家不同。
但知识来自另一种文化的似乎是重要的和必要的,在今天的世界,特别是在观察和比较两种不同的文化。最有才干和著名的文化观察家,在美国,都是外国人。,他们有一共同点,他们都必须深刻地分析了在其他的文化,并且像欧洲。通过比较客观的解释与欧洲之间的问题,他们一个接一个的研究中存在的问题是美军的社会与文化”、“从人口吉吉。———从爵士音乐形式,以“美国”,从exceptionlism经济大萧条的原因,经典的艺术形式的复活。在大多数情况下,观众将会提供一个更清楚外面和指导点。因为这是美国的方式分析的方式,也对分析每个县。
如果我们越来越接触到这个世界,我们会强烈地感觉到文化全球化的趋势。不仅美国最大的熔炉,在这个年龄,但是整个世界交流并且发展迅速。一些中国画家可以致力于印象派和象征,而西方画家们学习中国传统绘画。简而言之,任何一种文化的一面镜子今天是整个文化的世界。思想、冲动、思维、甚至概念不断地发生变化,甜美,结合。因此,在没有搬运到另一种文化将是艰难的一年深入掌握在我们自己的文化。
总之,在非常早的,他们指出,只有我们自己的文化将是最好的,也是唯一的方式。数千年已经过去了在一个闪光。在今天的世界里,这位前方法显然不能满足个人的和社会的需要。我们正在学习文化的别人的,我们正在学习我们的,我们也正在学习世界。 121
The view presented above actually consists of two claims (1)In various times in the past, there're many species become extinct; therefore, the extinction of species does not related to human affect. (2) Based on the above conclusion, there's no necessarity for human society to devote much efforts in the process of save endangered species. While I'm generally agree with these two points, there're still some details need closer consideration. Indeed, the extinction process is a normal phenomenon of the nature, but in the recent years, the large amount of extinting species may not solely resulted from natural procedure, but affected by human behaviors. Also, I agree with the point that there is no need for
modern society to make extraordinary effort to save endangered species, but I believe that at least adequate investment to prevent extection of some imporant plants and animals is worthy.
There is little doubt on the point that thousands of species which had once lived on the world now become extinct, many of which disappeared far before the emergence of human beings. However, this could not become the excuse that nowadays fast extinction of many endangered species does not related to human behavior at all. The advanced industry brought not only cheap products but also pullution, and the undermined environment in many area has become the very reason of the extinction of some rare animals or plants. The Huanan tigers of Asia, for example, was once at a large population but now only left with several ones in zoos. The reason for this animals extiction from nature forest was due to the very reason of human behavior: the pulluted environment, the diminishing forests, and the overhunting of tighers looking for valuable materials. Although some animal was become few and few due to reasons which are not attributed to humans, the modern human society generally made the nature world a place more difficult to survive and thus caused much more cases of extinction than normal natural process could.
The extinction issue is indeed an serious problem, but this does not indicate that we should devote all our human's effort into the task of saving all endangered species. If adequate attention on preserving environment has been taken, then it is a proper practise that leaving some particular kind of animal disappear from the nature world -- at the same time we may keep some of them in our zoos if we like. The human development of technology and industry, as long as not deliver too much destruction effect on the nature environment, could be seen as an natural changing factor from the perspective of wild animals and plants; thus the disappearing of those species which could not adopt to this kind of change should be viewed as normal and necessary: to leave out their eco-position for more suitable species to come out. Recent study of the cute animal of panda point out that it become less and less because it cannot adopt to current nature world which is not as warm and mildly as before, and thus althouth loved by a lot of Asian people, we still decided only keep it in zoos and national parks while let it disappear where human supervise is not avaliable.
However, recent human development has largely exceed the standard of a \"normal nature change\" toward wild species. The dramatical change in some area has overranged the adopting ability of any creature ever existed; and some lands, due to the serious pullution of industry, has become unsuitable for any life to live. In such a context, it is human's responsbility to pay effort for saving some important endangered animals. Nowadays, many nations in the world, including mine, has established departments for nature species preserving and conducted much research and protection work on it. A new study released from the National Department of Environment point out that the hot water from some small electric-power plants caused large amount fished to die. The government immediately closed hundards of small power stations alone several identified rivers. Although this caused some worker to be jobless and government need to pay for their living for a while, this decision still received lots of supports national-wide.
In sum, it is the fact that the extinction of species is a nature process, but some very dramatic disappearing of animals and plants in recent years should be attributed to human behavior, and we humans should be responsible for these cases. However, it is not necessary to concentrate all our resources and efforts on the preserving of endagered animals, and adequate emphasize on the protection of nature enviroment is enough: indeed, if a kind of creatures could not survive modern earth at all, then let it pass by may be a wise choice
上述的看法实际上是由两种索赔(1)在不同的时间过去,那里有许多物种灭绝;因此,物种的灭绝不与人的影响。(2)基于上述结论,没有必要性为人类社会投注了许多过程中的努力拯救濒临灭绝的物种。当我大体上同意这两点,仍然有一些细节需要更紧密的考虑。的确,灭绝过程中是一种正常的现象,对自然,但近年来,大量的extinting导致物种也许不必单独从自然的过程,但由于受人的行为。同时,我同意这一点,那就是没有必要为现代社会做出非凡的努力去拯救濒临灭绝的物种,但是我认为至少足够的投资,以防止extection一些重要的植物和动物是值得的。
毫无疑问在弥留之际,成千上万的种类,曾经住在现今世界上濒临绝种,其中许多远远地在人类出现之前的。然而,这不能成为借口,现在快许多濒危物种灭绝不与人的行为。先进的产业带来了不仅便宜的产品,但也破坏了环境污染已成为许多地区的真正意义的一些稀有动物的灭绝或植物。华南老虎的亚洲国家,例如,曾经在一个人口众多,但现在只剩下几个人在动物园里。这动物的原因是由于来自大自然的extiction森林非常原因:pulluted人类行为的环境、减少森林与过度捕猎的tighers寻找有价值的材料。虽然有些动物是由于一些,而且很少成为原因归因于人类,也就是我们不会在每天,现代的人类社会的自然世界通常由一个地方更难以生存,并造成更多的病例比正常的自然过程可能灭绝。
其灭绝问题的确是一个严重的问题,但这并不表明我们应该用我们所有人的努力保存所有的任务濒临绝种的物种。如果足够重视,在保持环境已经采取了,你就有了一个适当的练习,让一些特定种类的动物消失于自然世界——同时,我们可能会使他们中的一些人在我们的动物园里,如果我们喜欢。人类科技的发展和行业,只要不要把太多的破坏自然环境的影响,可以被看成是一种自然的变化因素的角度,从野生动物和植物;因此消失的那些物种不能适应这种变化应被视为正常和必要的:离开了他们的eco-position选择更合适的物种出来。最近的研究可爱的动物,熊猫指出变得越来越少,因为它不能采用到当前的自然世界,其中不像以前一样温暖和温和,因此虽然爱的事,通过大量的亚洲人,我们仍然决定只保留它在动物园和国家公园而让它消失而人类监督不是已经具备。
然而,人类近期的发展已经大大超过一个“正常标准的自然变化”向野生物种。当某些变化的能力overranged采用地区曾经存在过的任何生物,还有一些土地,由于严重污染的产业,已成为适合任何生命。在这样一个背景下,它是人类努力的负担来支付为保存一些重要的濒临
绝种的动物。如今,世界上许多国家,包括我的,已成立部门保存和自然界物种进行大量的研究和保护工作。一项新的研究中释放出来的国家部门的环境指出热水从一些小型植物大量一体过度捕捞造成死亡。政府立即关门的小型发电站hundards单靠几家确定河流。尽管这使一些工人失业,政府需要支付他们的生活了一段时间,这一决定还收到了很多支持经纪。
总之,它的事实是,即将灭绝的物种是一个自然的过程,但是一些非常戏剧性的消失的动物、植物近年来应属于人类的行为,并且我们人类应该承担起这些案件。然而,这是没有必要把所有的精力集中在我们的资源,努力保护动物,和足够的endagered强调保护自然环境不够:事实上,如果一种生物就不能生存现代地球之后,那就让它经过也许是一种明智的选择
108题目：In many countries it is now possible to turn on the television and view government at work. Watching these proceedings can help people understand the issues that affect their lives. The more kinds of government proceedings-trials, debates, meetings, etc that are televised, the more society will benefit. 在很多国家中，现在通过电视来观看政府的运作已经成为可能。观察这些过程有助于人们了解那些影响他们生活的决策。可以供转播的政府运作(审判、辩论、会议等等)越多，对社会的好处就越多。 提纲：
1.同意，在一个媒体高度发达的时代，我们有必要用电视来致力于民主建设。但是不能转播所有的政府事务。
2.现代社会媒体的角色：媒体是现代社会的产物，既是科技的产物，又是社会结构的产物。TV，incorporates the method of vision, audition and literature, the news it provide are more real, more reliable, and more convenient. 3.电视转播政府工作的3点好处
3-1.传播social probity, including the spirit of democracy, awareness of legality, and the ideas of social justice.
3-2.interaction，让人们了解政治，也参与政治（美大选）
3-3.同时通过媒体这种监督机制, 政府工作更加有效率, 也防止了腐败事件的发生.
4. (让步) 政府的工作不能全部公之于众, （反恐的例子）有的会引起大众不必要的恐慌 所以应当适当的有所保留.
5.分两方面总结：一方面鼓励大众传媒承担社会角色，鼓励电视在民主建设中的运用。二，不能转播所有。
单词总结：live telecast, spread, broadcast, monitor, draw a clear distinction between, corruption, embezzlement, defalcation, and malfeasance, a fervent enthusiasm,
I agree with this statement that, in a period of sophistication of mass media, we should largely take the utilization of TV as a main method to contribute the process of democracy. In my opinion, the mass media in nowadays should plays its essential role that is the bridge between the politicians and the multitude. However, we must realize that it is impossible to broadcast all the political affairs to the people.
To address this issue more clearly, we should firstly examine the roles that are played by the mass media, especially the TV. The emergence of mass media is a product of modern time.
On one hand, it is the modern technology develops the technique of mass media, and on the other hand, the mass media is a necessity demanded by the modern social structure. Different from the past time, in the modern time, individuals are living in a society where politics and economy placed a far-reaching influence on people's daily life. Since timely information about the policy and economy news is essentially vital for people's daily life, thus the mass media, as a consequence of this social structure, is like a bridge connecting the politics, in the macro-level, with individuals' daily life in the micro-level. Especially, the TV is the most influential one among all types of mass media. Since TV incorporates the method of vision, audition and literature, the news it provide are more real, more reliable, and more convenient. In short, TV should take its responsibility to offer the access of mutual interaction between politics and daily life.
To live telecast of some important political events benefit individuals as well as the society in the following, at least, 3 aspects. First of all, TV, because its broad influence, is an efficient way to spread the common social probity, including the spirit of democracy, awareness of legality, and the ideas of social justice. Secondly, the live telecast raises the sense of people to participate in the political affairs. It is a mutual interaction between politicians and multitude. On one hand, the politicians spread their ideas, or policy that will be enacted to individuals, thus people could keep abreast with the current situation of society; on the other hand, through watching the telecasting trials, debates, meetings, etc, people can react to the process of political decision. In fact, since the American general election has been telecasted by TV, each time people have paid a fervent enthusiasm to this procedure, because, at that moment, people feel themselves the real master of their country. Finally, live telecast the government is a effective method to monitor the officials' works. Thus the opportunities for corruption, embezzlement, defalcation, and malfeasance could probably be eliminated.
However, we have to recognize that it is impossible and unwise to broadcast all the affairs about the government's work. In some case, when those affairs relate to the field of social security, the government should withhold the information from the public, and it is unwise to be telecast. In a war against the terrorists, for example, all the information related to the plan, schedule, and location of the war should be maintained secret. Broadcasting those affairs necessarily means to divulge the information directly to the terrorist, and it is by no means beneficial to the public. Furthermore, once the information concerning to social security has been divulged to the public might cause a large scare of panic which might lead to a severe consequence to the society. In short, we should draw a clear distinction between those affairs needed maintain secret and those one contributing to democracy.
According to the discussion above, I draw my conclusions in two aspect. On one hand, nowadays the mass media should take its responsibility to connect politicians and multitude, and live telecast might be a good way contributing to democracy. On the other hand, it does not necessarily suggest that we should broadcast all the affairs to the public .
我同意这一观点,在一段时间的复杂性的大众传媒,我们应该在很大程度上把利用电视作为一项主要方法民主化的进程做出贡献。在我看来,大众传媒在如今应该扮演它的至关重要的作用,是之间的桥梁,政客和群众。然而,我们必须认识到,它是不可能所有的政治事务广播的人。
为解决这类问题更清楚,我们应该首先检查不同的角色扮演的大众传媒,特别是电视。大众媒体的出现是一个产品的现代时间。一方面,它是现代技术发展该技术的大众媒体,另一方面,大众媒体是一种必然要求现代社会结构。不同于过去的时间里,在现代的时间,每个人生活在一个社会,那里的政治和经济放置一个深远的影响人们的日常生活中。因为及时的信息政策对于经济新闻本质上是至关重要的,为人们的日常生活,从而大众媒介,由于社会结构,就像一座桥梁,连接着政治在宏观层面上,与个人的日常生活在微观层面上。尤其,电视是最具影响力的人之一的所有类型的大众传媒。摘要电视融合了视觉、听觉方法、文献资料等研究提供更真实的消息是,更可靠,更方便。简而言之,电视应该扮演其责任提供相互作用的进入政治、日常生活。
对现场直播的一些重大政治事件利益以及社会个体在下面,至少3个方面。首先,电视,因其广泛的影响,是一种有效的方法来传播,包括普通社会的反腐倡廉的民主精神、意识、法制观念淡薄、思想的社会正义。其次,现场直播的培养意义上的人们参与政治事务的做法。这是一个相互作用的政治家和大军。一方面,政治家们分散他们的观点,或者制定政策,将会给个人,因此人们可以跟上时代的社会现状的;另一方面,通过看telecasting试验、辩论、会议等等,人们能够作出反应的过程中,政治决定。事实上,自从美国大选已经通过电视播出以后,每一次,人们付出了饱满的热情,这个程序,因为,在那一刻,人们感到自己真正的他们国家的主人。最后,现场直播政府是一个有效的方法来监控的官员们的作品。这样的机遇因腐败、贪污、盗用公款,和渎职行为可能会被淘汰。
然而,我们必须认识到,那是不可能的,不明智的所有事务广播对政府的工作。在某些情况下,当这些事务相关领域的社会保障,政府应该保留信息从公众,是现场直播是不明智的。对恐怖分子的战争中,举例来说,所有的相关信息,对计划、安排的位置和战争,应该保持秘密。这些事务广播透露的信息必然意味着直接向恐怖分子,这绝不是有利于公众。此外,一旦有关社会保障已被送交公众会引起大的惊吓的恐慌,这很有可能导致严重后果,在社会上的地位。总之,我们应该得出明确的区分这些事务保持秘密和那些需要的一种促成民主制度。
根据上述讨论,我得出自己的结论在两个方面。一方面,当今大众传播媒体应该扮演其责任连接的政治家和群众、现场直播可能是一个很好的方式促成民主。另一方面,它不一定的建议是,我们应该播放所有的事务对公众开放 141
The implicit rationale of the speaker’s claim that benefits of individuality pales in the importance compared to conformity in achieving the economic success seems to have us believe individuality and conformity are two different things. While I concede that sometimes the two really conflict with each other, the speaker fails to catch the interactive and interdependent relations between individuality and conformity.
Admittedly, individuality and conformity sometimes stand on the opposite sides.
Considering human nature we couldn’t deny the fact that people tend to protect their own benefits in the sacrifice of the public interests instinctively, since human beings are separated individuals (or living creatures) and they couldn’t share the same information and ideas like computers do. The situation remains almost the same when the human society evolves from B.C. to A.D. as the progress of economy. For example, people with poverty would even fight against the government to protect their belongings; in the recession time merchants would rather dumped the milk into the river to protect it from experiencing a price drop; old Rockfeller once told his grandson that trust no one, even not family members; official members often be found embezzling and divulging secret for a large sum of money.
However, human beings, in order to survive and thrive, had smartly organized together and came up with contracts ensuring that diverse people could be able to live together at the cost of losing part of the individual benefits. The contracts make it possible to the conformity of people. The economic entities are like living organs which operate in good condition only if every parts of the organ work well and cooperate with one another smoothly. Therefore, we come to the conclusion that although sometimes in the sacrifice of public interests, individuals could benefit a little bit, yet if the organs are in good health, every individual would get more and more from the conformity. In modern society, it’s difficult, even impossible, for any individual to compete with groups in business. People work in entities more as employees are on the same boat toward a goal which would bring economic benefits to everyone aboard.
Individuality and conformity are not alternatives for people to choose only one at a time on the cost of the other. A successful conformity bases on the meeting of every need and interest on the way to achieve the final goal; only if everyone’s interests have been taken into account could a conformity be steadfast and everlasting. Joint-stock company is a perfect example to illustrate the relations between individuality and conformity. In such a joint-stock company, every employee is a stock-holder of the company. If the company runs in good condition and experiences a significant rise in their stock, then the stock in every member’s pocket will bring one interests proportionally. As a result, to work for the whole company is to work for oneself. Individuality and conformity here harmoniously merge into one unified power to motivate everybody in the system, which definitely brings great progress to both the individual and the whole.
In sum, the speaker shows a false dilemma of individuality and conformity, while in fact the economic success need both the energy from individual and the power from the whole. A successful company must be one which perfectly balances between the two.
隐合理性演讲者声称的好处也显得比较个性到整合的重要性在实现经济成功似乎让我们信赖的个性与从众是完全不同的两件事。虽然我承认,有时这两个真的相互抵触的,说话的人未能赶上互动和相互依存关系的个性和整合。 诚然,个性和整合有时站在对立面。考虑到人类的本性我们不能否认这个事实:人们倾向于维护本国的利益在社会公共利益的祭物,因为人类的本能是分开的个体(或生物),他们无法分享相同的信息和思想喜欢电脑。形势仍然不几乎同样的人类社会演进从公元前年到公元作为经济的进步。举例来说,有些人甚至还会与贫穷的政府的斗争来保护他们的财产;在经济衰退中时间商人宁愿把牛奶倒入河里去保护它从经历价格下降;老洛克菲勒曾告诉他的孙子,不信任任何人,甚至不是家庭成员经常看见;官方成员和泄露秘密挪用了一大笔钱。
然而,人类,为了生存和成长,机敏的统一组织,想出了合同保证不同的人群能够共同生活为代价的个人的利益损失的部分。合同就有可能以整合的人。就像生活的经济实体的器官在良好的状态下,只有当操作有关的各个部分机关工作,并互相合作的顺利进行。因此,我们得出的结论是,虽然有时候在牺牲的公共利益、个人能受益一点,然而,如果各器官是非常健康的、每一个人会变得越来越远离的符合性。在现代社会中,它是困难的,甚至是不可能的,因为任何个人和团队的业务竞争中。更多的人工作在实体作为员工都在同一条船上为一个目标努力,会带来经济利益船上每个人。
个性与从众是不选择供人选择只有一个其他的费用。一个成功的基础上的整合会议所需的一切和利息的路子,实现最终目标;只有所有人的利益已经考虑整合必坚固,能天长地久。股份公司是一个完美的例子来说明个性、整合性之间的关系。在这样一个合资公司,每一位员工都有一个stock-holder了这家公司。如果公司经营状况良好和经验的显著升高,然后他们股票的股票在各成员的口袋里会使人利益的比例。作为一个结果,为工作而工作是整个公司为了自己。这里的个性和整合和谐结合成一个统一的力量来激励大家在系统带来更大的进步,使这一过程趋近两个人和整个。
总之,说话的人显示出一种虚假两难个性和整合,但事实上在经济上的成功需要他们的能量从个人和权力从整体。一个成功的公司必须是一个比较完整地平衡两者之间的。
190
Issue190
As long as people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, the use of public resources to support the arts is inappropriate—and, perhaps, even cruel—when one considers all the potential uses of such money. ------正文------
Although nowadays the concept of art usually refers to visual art, the definition of art has changed over centuries. Perhaps the most concise definition of art is its broadest--art refers to all creative endeavors, excluding actions directly related to survival and reproduction. From a wide perspective, art is simply a generic term for various creations, out of which sprang all human pursuits and inspiration. Concerning the necessity of the arts, the speaker asserts that it is too luxurious and wasteful to use public resources to support art when people in a society are hungry or out of work or lack the basic skills needed to survive, which, in my eyes, is fundamentally unreasonable except its emphasis on social pressing problems. To better present my viewpoint let me illustrate it(below) in details.
To begin with, the arts, though unable to afford us material luxury like technological advancement and other human progresses, enriches culture, enlightens our spirit, and broadens our horizon, in other words, presents us with what is eternal and universal; the abundance and civilization of spiritual life, unlike a popular idea that denies the significance of spiritual enjoyment, is insurance and premise for material wealth. As the famous scientist and philosopher Descartes once ardently proposed (and I paraphrased):\" There are dual sides of a human: one is material, the other spiritual.\" True, Shakespeare, who achieved maturity and reached unparalleled success in literature by masterpieces such as shocking audiences for centuries, international or domestic, professionals or amateurs, by his romantic style of creation after his death, with Pathetique and Moonlight being the most famous two. The two examples aptly show that the arts, with various incarnations such as music, painting, sculpture, literature, poem, drama, and architecture, etc, is a mirror as well as carrier for classic inspiration and innovations that provide pleasure. In addition, besides merits directly related to our common lives, the arts is an indispensable component of culture, absent of which is a deteriorated sense of identity and a barbaric primitive state similar to other animals. In terms of biological structure, humans differ from other animals by our \"second language system\capacity that other animals lack. Since art forms such as literature, music, drama, and the like, are its most significant carriers, it is not exaggerating to assert that the arts differ human from other animal and that humans without the enrichment of arts but material wealth, however abundant it may be, are no more than animals in low and simply stage. In short, that we are humans, but not other barbaric creatures, is, at least partly, due to our ability to create and innovate the spiritually noble form--the arts. Admittedly, emphasis on social pressing problems, say, hunger, unemployment, diseases, war, etc, can never be understated, as the speaker holds.In order to understand this point, one only need to see how many Africa refugees are starving to death with every second passes, how many criminal actions and suicides are being committed due to the lose of job, how many people are being deprived of lives by AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Symptom) and cancels, and how many innocent citizens are being killed or injured ruthlessly by nuclear bombs and suicide bombs throughout mid-east countries. Surely, government should allocate a sufficient amount of funds as well as human resource support to these pressing problems, without, however, the arts being neglected. （倒数第二段用来让步admittedly） In summary, from the above discussion, we can safely draw the conclusion that the author is reasonable in pointing out the necessity to solve social pressing problems. However, he/she fails to take into account the benefits of the arts: one is the source of human pleasure, the other indispensable part of human civilization that differs from animals and barbaric state. Issue190 只要人们在社会挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时,使用公共资源来支持艺术是inappropriate-and cruel-when,也许,即使考虑到这些金钱的所有可能用途。 正文- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 尽管现在艺术的概念通常指视觉艺术,艺术的定义已经改变了几个世纪。也许最简洁的艺术的定义是最宽泛的——艺术是指各种创造性努力,不包括行为直接关系到企业的生存和繁衍。从宽大的角度看,艺术是一个简单的通用术语为各种各样的造物,其中所有人类追求突然和灵感。关于艺术的必要性,演讲者断言它太奢侈和浪费使用公共资源来支持艺术在一个社会中,是当人们挨饿、失业或者缺少维持生存的基本技能时,它,在我看来,根本上是不合理的,除非它本身强调社会迫在眉睫的问题。为了更好的表达我的观点让我说明(低)的细节。 刚开始,艺术,虽已无法负担得起的奢侈品我们喜欢科技进步的材料与其他人类进步,丰富的文化,照亮我们的精神,并扩大我们的视野,换句话说,为我们提供了什么是永恒和普遍性;丰富、文明的精神生活,不像一般认为否认意义的精神享受,保险和前提物质财富。当那位著名的科学家和哲学家笛卡儿曾经热烈地提出了(我探究):“有双重的两边,一个人:一是材料,其他的精神。”真的,莎士比亚,达到成熟,达到在文学杰作取得空前的成功,如《罗密欧和朱丽叶> > < Mac贝丝等,也创造了一个永恒的、普遍的道德困境图《哈姆雷特》,其中、以及某些造成所有人类无论时代,告诉我们所有人的命运,音乐天才贝多芬、辉煌、充满活力和他有天分,一直令人震惊的观众,几个世纪以来,国际或国内,专业还是业余爱好者,被他的浪漫风格的创造他死后,与悲怆和月光下是最著名的两个。适宜的两个例子表明,艺术,与各种各样的化身如音乐、绘画、雕塑、文学、诗歌、戏剧、建筑等,是一面镜子,以及经典的灵感和创新载体提供快乐的。 此外,除了优点直接关系到我们平时的生活中,艺术是不可缺少的重要组成部分,是文化的一个衰弱缺席的自我身份和野蛮的原始状态的类似的其他动物。依据生物学的结构不同于其他动物,人类通过我们的“第二语言系统\而这是指人的语言,一种独特的能力就是其他动物缺乏的。因为艺术形式,如文学、音乐、戏剧等等,是其最重要的载体,它不是夸大去声明:人类与其他动物艺术不同,而人类却没有丰富的物质财富,但艺术丰富,它可能不超过动物在低和简单的阶段。简而言之,就是我们是人类,但不包括其他野蛮的动物,是,至少在部分上,由于我们能创造、创新精神高尚的艺术形式——。 诚然,强调社会问题紧迫,说,饥饿、失业、疾病、战争等等,永远不能低估了,就像演讲者是有效的。为了理解这一点,人们只需要看看有多少非洲难民已经快要饿死和每一秒过后,有多少犯罪行为和自杀是犯罪正由于失去工作,有多少人被褫夺公生活在艾滋病(获得性免疫功能丧失症状)和取消的,又有多少无辜的市民被杀害或受伤的,你们不可严严地辖管通过核炸弹和自杀炸弹在中东国家。可以肯定的是,政府应该分配足够的经费以及人力资源支持这些紧迫的问题,没有,然而,艺术被漠视。(倒数第二段用来让步admittedly) 总之,从上面的讨论,我们可以得出结论,作者是合理的必要性,指出了解决社会迫在眉睫的问题。然而,他/她未考虑到艺术的好处:一是人类快乐的源泉,另一个不可或缺的组成部分,既不同于动物的人类文明与野蛮状态。 64 共用时间：43分36秒 686 words 从2004年2月21日9时47分到2004年2月21日10时43分 ------题目------ Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it. ------正文------ A million times we have heard that some people, who once were very successful, bankrupt or fail in another competition, or lose respect from others for their inability to sustain their success. I wholly embrace the idea that many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it. I think I should first define the success and what is the best utilization of it. Success just means a worthy goal one desires has realized; and the best use of success, in my point of view, depend on two facets: one is to use the contemporary success for further development, the other to use it for serving the society. People, having already achieved an aim, if cannot exploit it to pursue future advance, or cannot put it into practical account for serving the populace, cannot be evaluated as having made the best use of their achievements. Unfortunately, people these days are busily engaged in seeking success, however, without contemplating their potential usage of the success; in other words, they just blindly chase their aim. From primitive school, teachers and other people around an individual would tell one to be industrious, tenacious, honest, and so forth, just for pursuing success. Thus, nearly everyone know that, if one wants to be a successful person, one must cherishes these virtues and persists that in their process of seeking. Also one, who really inclines to be a cynosure in one's later life, will endeavor to accomplish such project via the social thinking way of success, namely exertion. And ultimately, one succeeds; one may possess large amounts of money, which can account for even several of one's lives, own preeminent reputation, and extreme luxury, and so on. However, how to tackle these so-called success? Many people do not know and even think they have accomplished their mission all life, and the left thing is just to enjoy it. Thus they do not cogitate, do not try, do not continue their dream, and gradually lose their spirit to the higher goal. What a pity! One who really knows how to make the best use of success must learn to utilize it for further development. Since every realization of an aim have, to some extent, improve the condition of an individual, in other words, these gradual success has offer a much higher pleatu for one's further pursuit. For example, if one wants to become a lawyer and then participate in the political field, and finally one successfully pass the examination of law; then the identity of lawyer will help one to further develop in the political realm. However, if one just satisfies his/her success and do not continue to endeavor, he/she nearly can never fulfills one's further dream to become a political leader. Also, people should also utilize their success to serve the society, otherwise, they cannot regard to know how to make the best use of accomplishments. The interests of the international society actually consist of the benefits of every individual in it. If every person just pursue their own profits and let the society's interests alone, he/she may be too selfish to be a real successful person. Watt, for instance, who once create the first high-pressure steam engine via improving the old steam engine whose working efficiency is far inferior than the latter, and earns lots of money from the patents, do not know how to utilize his success and just busily protect his patents; especially in his later lives, he usually fights with others who invent some engines which may harm his patents; he even do not allow his disciples to touch his invention. Such person is obviously too selfish to pursue further development and later events proves this. To summarize, success is no too difficult thing to seek, the real meaning of success is how to use it for one's further development and concurrently utilize it to serve the interests of the human beings in the world. Therefore, any person who wants to be a real successful person, please try to better utilize your success, which is even more significant than the pursuit of success itself. ssue64第2篇让砖头来得更猛烈些吧! 摘要- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 作者:43分36秒:美化共用时间六百八十六的话 从2004年2月21日9时47分到2004年2月21日10时43分 题目- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 很多人知道怎样获得成功,但很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成。 正文- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 一百万次我们听说有些人,曾经很成功,破产或失败在另一个竞争对手,或是失去别人的尊敬为他们没有能力维持他们的成功。我完全接受如下观点,很多人知道怎样获得成功,但很少有人知道如何最好的去利用成。 我想我应该先定义成功的,什么是最有效的利用它。成功就是一个值得吾人已实现目标,成功的最好的使用,从我的观点来看,取决于两个层面,一个是用当代的成功为进一步的发展,这种其他使用它为服务社会。人,已经取得了一定的目的,如果不能利用它来追求未来前进,或者不能将它付诸实际帐户的宗旨,服务大众,不能被评为做出了最好的利用他们的成就。 不幸的是,人们这两天是热衷追求的成功,但是,没有考虑他们的潜在用途的成功;换句话说,他们只是一味的追求他们的目标。来自远古的学校里,老师们和周围人某个人告诉一个人勤奋、坚韧、诚实、等等,只是为了追求成功。因此,差不多所有的人都知道,如果一个人想做一个成功的人,你必须珍惜这些美德,坚持,在他们的过程中寻求的解决办法。也是,谁会真的从众是在一个人的cynosure后来的生活中,将努力完成这样项目通过社会思维方式的成功,即发挥。最后,一个人可能拥有成功;大量的资金,甚至一些可以占到一个人的生活,拥有卓越的信誉,极度奢侈,等等。然而,如何处理这些所谓的成功呢?很多人都不知道,甚至认为他们已经完成了他们的任务所有生命,剩下的事只是为了享受它。所以他们不退学,不要试着,不要继续他们的梦想,而逐渐丧失他们的精神,以更高的目标。真遗憾! 一个人真正知道如何最好地利用成功必须学会运用它的进一步发展。因为每一个目标的实现,在某种程度上,提高的条件下,一个个体,换句话说,这些渐进的成功有提供一个高得多的pleatu为你进一步的追求。例如,如果一个人想成为一名律师,然后参与到政治领域,终于有成功通过考试的法律;然后身份的律师可以帮助一个人得到进一步的发展,在政治领域。然而,如果只是满足他/她的成功和不继续努力,他/她近永远不能满足你进一步的梦想成为一个政治领袖。 同时,人们也应该利用他们的成功,服务社会,否则,他们不能把知道如何最好地利用成就。国际社会的利益,实际上是由每一个个人的好处。如果每个人都追求他们自己的利润和让社会利益的孤单时,他/她可能是太自私了,不能成为一个真正成功的人。瓦特,比如,他曾经创建首家高压蒸汽引擎从完善旧蒸汽机的工作效率远不如后者,赚很多钱从专利,不知道如何利用自己的成功,就忙着保护他的专利;特别是在他后来的生活,他经常打架,别人是谁发明的某些引擎可能损害他的专利,他甚至不允许他的门徒去碰自己的发明。这样的人是很明显的, 太自私了谋求进一步发展和后来的事件证明了这一事实。 总的来说,成功是不太困难的事情去追求,才是真正的成功就如何将其用在你进一步发展兼发挥它的服务人类的利益,在世界上。因此,任何人谁想成为一个真正成功的人,请尝试着去更好地利用你的成功,这是更重要的成功本身比的追求。 74 SSUE 74 – \"The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language.\" WORDS：618 TIME：0:45:00 DATE：2006-2-13 提纲： 1， 承认图画的作用 2， 面对同一个图画，人们会有不同的理解，造成错误理解。 3， 有些深奥的概念无法用图画来传达 4， 所以，结合图画和语言才是最有效的交流方法。 Admittedly, images are indispensable when people want to express themselves to a group of people, more straightly and understandably. However, images can never be separated from language. Only the cooperation of images and language can make the communication the most effective one. In some certain situations, images play consequential role in people's communications with numerous listeners. Doubtlessly, images may help people communicate in a easier way, especially when they want to talk about some geographic factors. For example, when an engineer wants to show the blueprint to those who will take part in the construction, it is impossible for him to express the form of building just relying on his language. Only by images can others really understand what he is talking about and what outcome he wants to obtain. Another striking example is about introducing some beautiful places to someone. The tourist companies want to show the attractive to those potential tourists, then the best way is to use images, since it is more direct and more persuasive. Tourists will be moved by those beautiful images, which are more authentic. After all, only images are able to give people the most direct and authentic feelings when people are talking about some geographic things. However, images will sometimes result in misunderstanding if they are completely separated from language. As we all know, different people will own dissimilar opinions even when they are confronting with the same images. Then it is entirely possible that those listeners will misunderstand what you really mean. For example, in the primary schools, teachers often use images to cultivate the imagination of students in the way of encouraging them to express their own views upon the same images. A single paper, on which there is a circle. Yet, different students will have different ideas. Some will think it is a sun, some will think it is an egg, or some will think it is bread. The similar situation will happen to those adults when they are communicating with others just based on images. The same image will change once it is given to different people, and therefore you should provide some language to guide people in the right direction if you want them to understand your real meanings. Furthermore, images will also have difficulty in expressing some abstract understandings. Though it is true that images will make the communication more direct and more understandable, however, when there is something absurd it is impossible to express the meanings with images successfully. For instance, when you want to tell people the meaning of the word \"law\". How can you make them understand you just by images? The conception can only be transferred by your exact language, which is defined as the rule made by the authority, which is used to regulate people's behavior. In fact, it is inevitable to talk about some abstract words or meanings when you are communicating with others, especially when you want to express some conceptions to people. In my point of view, the most efficient way to communicate an idea or value should use both images and language. The cooperation of images and language is the guarantee of the accurate understandings from your listeners. Images, act as the role of giving people more direct and authentic feelings; while language will prevent the misunderstandings of different people, which is caused by imagines, and what's more language can help people to understand those absurd conceptions. In sun, I do concede the crucial position of images in the process of communicating with others, especially with a group of people. However, only by images, the communication will never be effective, let alone the most effective one. The most reasonable way of communication should combine images with language. SSUE 74 - “最有效的方式来交流想法或者价值观和一大群人是利用图形,而并非语言。” 0:45:00的话:618时间:2006-2-13日期: 提纲: 承认图画的作用1, 2、面对同一个图画,造成错误理解,人们会有不同的理解。 3、有些深奥的概念无法用图画来传达 所以,结合图画和语言才是最有效的交流方法4日。 诚然,图像是必不可少的,当人们想要表达自己以一群人,更直,可以理解的。然而,图像会不会分开,从语言。只有合作的影像和语言能使交流最有效的方式。 在某些特定情况下,图像发挥举足轻重的作用在人们的通讯与众多的听众。无疑,图像将帮助人们沟通,在一个更简单的方法,尤其是当他们想谈谈一些地理因素。举个例子,当一个工程师想要展示的蓝图,那些将参与建设,但不可能表达形式的建筑仅仅依靠他的语言。只有通过图像可以别人真正了解他自己在说些什么,他想获得什么结果。另外,还有一项惊人的例子是关于引进一些美丽的地方送给别人。旅游公司想要显示的潜在游客的吸引力,然后,最好的方式是使用图像,因为它是更直接、更有说服力。游客将被感动了,那些美丽的图片,哪个是更真实的。毕竟,只有图片能够给人最直接的和真实的感情,当人们谈论一些地理事物。 然而,有时会导致图像误解如果他们是完全分开的语言。正如我们都知道的,不同的人会拥有 不同的看法,甚至当他们面临的具有相同的图像。然后它是完全可能的,那些听众会误解你的真正的意思。例如,在小学,老师们经常使用的图片,以培养学生的想象力的方式在鼓励他们表达出自己的观点强加给相同的图像。一个单一的纸,上面有一圈。然而,不同的学生将有不同的想法。有些人会认为它是一个太阳,有些人会认为它是一个鸡蛋,还是有些人会认为这是面包。类似情况也会发生在那些成年人与他人沟通时,他们只是基于图像。相同的图像将会改变它一旦给不同的人,所以你应该可以提供一定水平的语言为指导人们在正确的方向,如果你想让他们了解你的真正涵义。 此外,影像会在表达上也有困难一些抽象的理解。虽然它是真实的影像会使交流更直接、更易于理解,然而,当有一些荒谬的是无法表达的意义与图像成功。例如,当你想告诉别人这个词的含义的“法”。你怎么能让他们听懂你刚才由影像吗?概念只能转让时,你的准确的语言,它被定义为:在规则由权威,这是用来规范人们的行为。事实上,这是不可避免的谈论一些抽象的词语或字义当你和他人沟通,尤其是当你想表达一些观念的人。 从我的观点来看,最有效的方法,交流想法或者价值观应该使用两张图像和语言。图像和语言的合作是保证准确的理解从你的听众。作为图像中所起的作用,能给人们提供更直接、真实的感受;而语言将会防止误解不同的人,有可能引起想象,更重要的是语言可以帮助人们了解那些荒谬的观念。 在阳光下,我做让步的要害部位图像的过程中,与人交流的能力,特别是拥有一群人。然而,只有由影像、通讯将永远不会是有效的,更不用说最有效的方式。最合理的交流方式应结合图像与语言。 76 TOPIC: ISSUE76 - \"Truly profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of step with their time and their society.\" WORDS: 807 TIME: 00:40:28 DATE: 2011-03-12 12:11:14 The issue claims that true profound thinkers and highly creative artists are always out of steps with their time and their society. I quite agree with the issue. Though there are some exceptions that some artists and thinkers have been accepted and understood by the society of their time, most profoud thinkers and highly creative artists could not be understood by the public at their time and were concernd to be out of the step, because of the deepth of their thinking and the advanced form of expressing emotion in their works. Also, some of them also fail to relate their thinking with the complex reality of the society that also make them out of the step of time. The deepth of their thought that is much more deeper than that can be understood by the public made the thought hardly be accepted by people on the society, especially for those profound thinkers. For example, most of us still found the thought of those profounded thinker such as Cont and Herger hard to be understood though it is the thought of many years ago. I have also tried to read the book of Hayec and tried to understand his concept, but I give it up after a quarter of the book is readen because I totally fail to get into the thought for it is great difficulty to understand it. Also, since the thought is hard to understad, the public may not spend enough time to try to learn it. Because of this, the thought of those thinker may seem out of step of the time. For thinkers, it is the depth and advancement of their thinking that makes them hard to be understood by the public, for artists, it is the advanced form of expressing emotion. The drawing of Picasso and other artists of impressionism who concerns more about their own emotion instead of what was the objet like which was drawn by them makes us difficult to understand and accept it when it first come to us because we are not familiar with the straight forward form of emotion expressing and the drawn object which looks quite different with those drawn in former painting. This advanced way of expressing emotion makes us need time to be familiar with it in order to accept and understand it, with the form of expressing emotion always changing ahead of us. Also, there is another reason that can possibly make the thought of thinkers not accepted by the public, which is that they fail to consider the complex of the reality of the society. Owen, who created the Utopia without considering the fact that the labor force of the society is not advanced enough to support such a idealism society and the morality and ethics of the public also have not a high enough standard to fit for such society, failed after trying hard to support the Utopia for many years. Though the thought of him is advanced and somehow right, the failing of considering enough about the complex of the reality also make his thought out of the step of the time. There is still some artists that have been accepted by the public. Mozart, Bach, Da Vinci and many other excellent artists have all been widely accepted by the public of their time, somehow as I concern is because that they express their emotion by a classic way, which is much easier to be understood by the public. Also, thinkers such as Karl Marx have also been accepted by the public and bring great changes to the world. However, though the thought and the way of expressing emotion seems too advance of time, they both come from the present life of these thinkers and artists. Without the present life, those thinkers could development such thought with great depth and artists will have no ideas to creat those works. Life is the source of these thought and works. For example, all painting of Picasso comes from the ideas discovered in daily life. Thinkers like Cunt also develop their thought by thinking about daily life, just in much more depth compared with ordinanry people.So it is not quite right to say that these thinkers and artists are out of step of their time. In fact, everyone is with the step of their time and society. To sum up, the advancement and depth of the thought of profound thinkers and the advanced and creative way of expressing emotion of creative artists makes them hard to be understood and accepted by the public of the time and makes them seem to be out of step of time. But, becaus their thoughts and works all comes from the reality and their present life, it is not quite right to say that they are out of step with their time and their society. 主题:ISSUE76——“真正深刻的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家总是超前于他们所在的时代和社会的。 时间:00:40:28的话:807 12:11:14日期:2011-03-12 这个问题声称真正深刻的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家们总是与他们的步骤时代和社会的。我十分赞同这问题。虽然存在一些例外,有些艺术家、思想家都被接受和理解,由社会的时候,大多数的文化观的思想家和具有高度创造力的艺术家不能让公众理解的在他们的时间和被concernd出来的一步,因为最难逾越自己的思考和先进的形式表达的情感在他们的作品。同时,他们中的一些人也不能联系他们的思考与复杂的社会现实,也使他们离开那一步的 时间。 最难逾越的思想的深度超过得多,是可以理解的,由公共使思想几乎被人们接受的社会,尤其是那些深刻的思想家。例如,我们中的大多数人仍然存在想到那些profounded背脊和Herger思想家例如很难被理解的是,尽管许多年前的思想。我也试图读这本书的Hayec概念,试图理解他,但我放弃它后,有四分之一的书是readen因为我完全无法进入这个想法是伟大的困难地去理解它。而且,由于思想是很难understad,公众可以不花足够的时间去学习它。正因为如此,想到这些思想家似乎不同步的时间。 对于思考的人来说,这是他们的思维深度与进步,使他们很难让公众理解的,艺术家,它是先进的形式表达的情感。毕加索的图纸和其他艺术家的印象派谁关注关于他们自己的情绪而非是什么引起了objet哪一样被他们使我们难以理解,并接受它,当它第一次来到我们,因为我们不熟悉的直线前进的形式的情感表达和出鞘的物体看起来完全不同的和那些画在前绘画。这种先进的方法,来表达情感使我们需要时间去熟悉,这是为了接受和理解它,用表格来宣泄情绪总是在不断变化的在我们的前方。 同时,还有另一个原因,可能使思想的思想家不为公众所接受,他们没有认真考虑到复杂的现实的社会里。欧文,谁创造了乌托邦,没有考虑到的事实,即劳动力的社会是先进,足以支持这样一个理想社会、道德和伦理的民众也没有足够高的标准,以适合这样的社会中,还是失败了,继续努力,支持了乌托邦很多年了。虽然他的思想是先进的,而且不知何故权利,没有考虑足够的关于现实的复杂性,也使他的思想的一步的时间。 还有一些艺术家,一直为公众所接受。莫扎特,巴赫,达芬奇和许多其他优秀的艺术家都已经被广泛地为公众所接受的时候,不知何故,我关心的是他们表达自己的情感,因为通过一个经典的办法,这是更容易让公众理解的。同时,思想家,如卡尔·马克思也被公众所接受并将发生巨大变化的世界。 然而,尽管它的思想内容和方法,来表达情感,似乎过于前进的时候,他们都是来自现在的生活的这些思想家和艺术家。现在的生活,那些没有这样的想法可以发展的思想家和艺术家将以极大的深度没有思想创造的作品。生命之源是这些思想和作品。例如,所有的绘画理念对毕加索来自日常生活中发现的。他们也喜欢阴部思想家认为发展考虑,只是在日常生活与ordinanry更深度的人。所以它不完全是说的正确,这些思想家和艺术家是不同步的时间。事实上,每个人都是和提高他们的时间和社会。 综上所述,推进和深度的思想深刻的思想家和先进的和创造性的方法,来表达情感的有创造性的艺术家会使得他们不容易被理解和公众所接受的时候,让他们似乎不同步的时间。但是,他们的思想和作品曾均来自现实与现在的生活,但它并不十分正确地说,他们正在自己的步骤与他们的时代和社会的。 174. Laws should not be rigid or fixed. Instead, they should be flexible enough to take account of various circumstances, times and places. The third president in the history of United State, Thomas Jefferson, said \"No society can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law.\" The society is advancing, so are the laws. Laws should be flexible enough to keep pace with time, places and situation. For the first place, laws should keep going with time and social development. Laws have to be stable while society is ever increasingly advancing. Unavoidably, the unchanged laws may put sand in the wheel of social development. As a result, laws have to be adaptive. China has experienced 4 constitutions since her foundation in 1949 due to the different political environment. The latest 1982 constitution has embraced 5 amendments up till now and have more than 30 provisions altered. The latest version has introduced property ownership to the existing law to protect citizen's private property, which is in consideration of the continued rise of quality of material lives. What we can learn from the example is that, laws, even the constitution, should be adaptive to the improvement of the society. For the second place, laws should be considerable for various situation to make itself complete and impartial. It is impossible for a law to be effective in all situations because simple criterion is incapable to judge a complicated case. Whereas the legal provisions must be clear and definite enough to be carried out or there will be ambiguity and hinder the operation. Such quality of laws has given birth to some certain special laws or supplement provisions which was for balance, fairness and completeness. For example, there is a law named Samaritan law in the United States. It gives immunity to those who voluntarily render aid to another in distress although under no duty to do so. If the aid had led to some seriously bad result to the be-aided, the one who offers help can turn to the law for protection. We can imagine, without Samaritan law, warm-hearted citizens could have been wronged or even been convicted of involuntary homicide , a tragedy caused by the unfairness of the law. Consequently, to be fair and complete, laws have to be flexible to give a considerably concern to various circumstances. Although laws should be adaptive to the social development, the flexibility is relative and have to be kept within certain range. For one thing, due to the limitation of legislators' wisdom and future's unpredictability, legislators apt to draw some bottom lines of public interest. Only based on such indefinite bottoms have laws more living space for expanding. Nevertheless, the basic core is stable. For another, provisions touching on the nature of the states and fundamental benefit could not be revised. As long as the country exists, laws devoting to secure the country's benefit, protecting civics’ right and safeguard the territorial integrity should be carefully valued and kept unchanged. There is an old Chinese saying , a perfect law will not put any innocent one in the wrong while not missing any one deserves the punishment. Although the current legal system is far away from the perfect dream, we are trying to get close to it by making the laws flexible and taking different circumstances into consideration and make laws as perfect as possible. 174。 法律不应该是僵化或固定。相反,他们应该是灵活的,考虑到各种实际情况、时间和地点。 在历史上的第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊,美国,说:“没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法,甚至一条永远适用的法律。”社会的前进,所以法律。法律应该足够灵活来跟上时间、地点和情况。 因为,首先,法律应该继续随着时间的推移和社会的发展。法律必须保持稳定而社会日益推进。不可避免地,可以把沙子不变的法律在社会发展的车轮。作为一个结果,法律必须适应。中国经历了4宪法基础在1949年以后,她由于不同的政治环境。1982年的宪法已经融入最新修订,5到目前为止已经有超过30规定改变。最新的版本已经介绍财产所有权对现行法律来保护公民的私有财产,这是考虑到持续上涨的物质生活的质量。我们所能学习的例子就是,法律,即使是宪法,应该能适应社会的改善。 为第二名,法律应慎重考虑为各种各样的情况,而让它完全公正。它是不可能了,因为法是有效的在各种情况下不能因为简单的准则是来判断一个复杂的例子。而法律规定必须明确足以被执行或者将会有歧义,阻碍了操作。这样的质量已经产生了一些法律规定某些特别的法律 或补充在平衡,公正和完整性。举例来说,那是一个名叫撒玛利亚人法律法律在美国。它给免疫那些自愿提供援助到另一个在急难中虽然在任何的责任。如果援助已经导致一些严重不好的结果,be-aided客户提供帮助,让你这么做的人会变成法律的保护。我们可以想象,没有法律,热心的市民撒玛利亚人甚至可能被冤枉被判犯有非自愿的凶杀案,一个悲剧造成的不公平的法律。因此,能够公平和完整,法律必须是灵活的给一个相当关心的各种事物。 虽然法律应适应社会发展,灵活性是相对的而必须保持在一定的范围内。首先,由于立法者的智慧的局限性和未来的不可预测性,立法者容易画些底线公共利益。只有建立在这样的不确定的底部有法律更多的生活空间扩展。不过,最基本的核心是稳定的。另一方面,在规定的性质接触状态和根本利益不能被修订。只要这个国家存在,法律致力于保卫自己的国家的利益,保护公民的权利,维护领土的完整应该仔细地重视和保持不变。 中国有句俗语,一个完美的法律不会把任何无辜的人错了而没有遗漏任何一个值得这个惩罚。虽然当前的法律制度是远离完美的梦中情人,我们正试着接近它,让这一法律灵活、采取不同的情况下考虑进去,使法律尽善尽美。 Issue 195: The goal of politics should not be the pursuit of an ideal, but rather the search for common ground and reasonable consensus. It is controversial whether the goal of politics should be the pursuit of an ideal or the search for common ground and reasonable consensus. Pragmatic people assert that common ground and reasonable consensus is more vital and the search for them is the goal of politics. However, the goal of politics includes both the pursuit of ideal and the search for common ground and reasonable consensus. To begin with, the search for common ground and reasonable consensus is a short-term goal. Some unanimous points of view among people are the precondition of a country’s stability. If there is no common ground nor reasonable consensus in a country, people may persist their own ideas and defuse accepting other’s suggestions. There is no identical standard to guide people’s behavior. Consequently, such country will be full of chaos and hardly get any progress, even step backward. What’s more serious, it may lead to the overturn of regime as the disintegration of Soviet Union. Furthermore, the agreements of critical problems among countries are the basic of tranquility of the world. The disagreements may cause wars among countries that bring about disorder, starvation and death meaning calamity to people and countries. Countries should try to reach agreement to avoid the happening of tragedy. In a word, common ground and reasonable consensus are necessities for a healthy world. However, when we pay attention to common ground and reasonable consensus, we cannot neglect the importance of the pursuit of an ideal. An ideal is a long-term goal of politics which need a long time and great effort to realize. Though ideal cannot come to be true in short time, it is very significant for country. First, as Russian writer Leo Tolstoy said “ideal is the beacon. Without ideal, there is no secure direction”, ideal gives government and people the “secure direction”. Ideal guides a country during every stage of its history. Second, besides the direction, ideal also takes impetus to government and its people to improve their country. For example, when Emancipation Proclamation was announced, an ideal that build a independent, equal, free and prosperous country was rooted in American people’s hearts. They believe that their country will become a wonderful land when the ideal finally comes to be true. So they make great effort to develop their country. And all the policies are enacted for the ideal. Ideal is the final goal and is indispensable for a country's long-term developing. There is close relation between the ideal and common ground, reasonable consensus. On one hand, same views are the prerequisite of ideal. No agreement means no stability even no development. It is impossible to realize the ideal without stability and development. On the other hand, the ideal is not only the guide of the search for agreements but also the impetus of it. The ideal and common ground, reasonable consensus are essential to each other. In summary, an ideal and common ground and reasonable consensus both play important roles in development of country. Government should not neglect either of them for they are the goals of politics in different phases of a country. 问题195:政治的目标不应是追求一个理想状态,而是寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。 这是有争议的政治的目标是否应该是追求一种理想或寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。务实的人断言共同点和合情合理的共识是至关重要的,并追寻他们的目标就是政治。然而,政治的目标包括追求理想和寻找共同点和合情合理的共识。 刚开始,寻找共同点和合情合理的共识是一个短期目标。一些意见一致的观点的人与人之间的前提下,一个国家的稳定。如果没有共同点也合情合理的共识,在一个国家,人们可能会坚持自己的想法和化解接受别人的建议。没有相同的标准为指导人们的行为。因此,这样的国家就会充满混乱和几乎得不到任何进步,甚至倒退。更重要的是严重的,它可能导致推翻政权苏联的瓦解。此外,在国与国之间的协议是关键问题的基本安全宁静的世界。彼此间存在的一些分歧可能导致国家之间的战争带来混乱、饥饿和死亡意义的灾难给人们和国家。国家应尽量达成协议,以避免悲剧的发生。总之,共同点和合情合理的共识是必需对一个健康的世界。 然而,当我们关注的共同点和合情合理的共识,我们也不能忽视的重要性,追求一种理想。理想是一项长期的政治目标,需要很长的时间和巨大的努力来实现。虽然理想不能到是真的在较短的时间内,为国家有着十分重要的意义。首先,正如俄国作家托尔斯泰说:“理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向”,理想给政府和人民的“坚定的方向”。在理想的引导一个国家的每一阶段,它的历史。第二,除了方向,理想也会推动政府和它的人改善他们的国家。例如,当奴隶解放宣言宣布成立,是理想的乃是建立一个独立、平等、自由、繁荣的国家是植根于美国人民的心。他们相信他们的国家将成为一个奇妙地当理想终于来了,不可能是真的。所以他们做出了很大的努力来发展他们的国家。和所有的政策都是为了理想。理想是最终的目标,是不可缺少的,对于一个国家的长期发展。 有密切关系的理想和共同点,合情合理的共识。一方面,有着相同的看法是理想的先决条件。就意味着没有达成任何协议,甚至没有发展的稳定性。这是不可能实现的理想的不稳定和发展。另一方面,理想的不仅是引导搜索的协定,而且它的推动力。理想和共同点,合情合理的共识是必要的,以取长补短。 总之,一种理想,共同点和合情合理的共识都在发展的过程中扮演着重要角色的国家。政府不应忽视他们,因为他们中的任何一个政治的最终的目标是在不同的发展阶段的一个国家。 226 I am always amazed when hear people saying that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than those their predecessors faced. Although numerous problems appear everyday, we cannot find any excuses to confront with our own responsibility in our times: and maybe that is where the rub is. With the development of society and technology as well as the expansion of our knowledge, more and more people bring about an illusion that nowadays problems are more complex and challenging than ever before. In a sense, I agree with this view that the problems we confront are more complex and challenging, but we cannot make a comparison of challenging senses individually. Because when we compare those, we should heed both the complexity of the problem and the availability of resources for solving the problems. Could you imagine the problems faced by Qin people, Chinese ancestors, who built the Great Wall without modern technology? When we wonder miraculous the Great Wall and other ancient buildings, we might have admitted that the problems they confronted were as complex and challenging as those nowadays, or rather much more challenging. Therefore, different eras in history were faced with different problems that were hardly comparable. Furthermore, there are not any excuses for escaping from our own responsibility, yet the illusion is just an excuse. With the problems increased, corresponding knowledge of solving problems has not increased. Our ancestors would never face the problems caused by computer or internet, would never worry about the energy crisis, and would never fear proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Meanwhile, they would never give us any useful information about those. People might complain about the unfair things, and feel better when they fail to fulfilling their responsibility in meeting the challenges posed by information age. Fortunately, we are facing and solving these challenges like our predecessors did. As human have nature of exploring the unknown world, we find more knowledge of expansion eyeshot. But the knowledge of the universe is boundless. The more knowledge we have, the more unknown world expand. When we solve a problem, we would be immersed in the attraction of another, or others, and we would always running short of knowledge when confronted with a complete new problem. Therefore, the illusion, which I call an excuse, will not be eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience. The more important is that our society develops by this process. There is no need for us to consider whose problems are more complex or challenging. The only thing we should do, what is our responsibility, is that solve the problems in our ears, make more senses of our society. In sum, just like the saying: \"Nothing in life is to be feared. It is only to be understood.\" 我总是惊讶,当听到人们在说,他们面对的问题更复杂、更具挑战性面临比他们的前辈。虽然有许多问题出现我们每天都找不到任何借口来面对我们自己的责任,在我们这个时代,这也许就是困难之所在。 随着社会的发展和技术以及扩展我们的知识和经验,越来越多的人带来一种幻觉,那就是现在的问题更复杂、更具挑战性比以往任何时候都多。在某种意义上,我同意这种观点,即我们所面临的问题更复杂、更具挑战性,但我们不能单独比较具有挑战性的感官。因为当我们比,我们应该听两问题的复杂度和可利用资源的条件下,为解决这一问题。你能够想象在秦人所面临的问题,中国的祖先,他们建造长城没有现代的技术吗?当我们想知道神奇的长城和其他古老的建筑,我们可能已经承认他们面对的问题是复杂而具有挑战性的,就像那些像如今,或更确切地说,更具挑战性。因此,不同时代的历史就面临着不同的问题,并不具有可比性。 此外,没有任何借口逃避自己的责任,但我们的幻觉只是一个借口。问题的增加,相应的知识解决问题的没有增加。我们的祖先所引发的问题不会面对计算机或网络上,就不会担心能源危机,并且永远不恐惧扩散大规模杀伤性武器的。与此同时,他们再也不会给我们任何有用的信息。人们可能会抱怨不公平的事情,而感觉更好,他们失败的时候,他们在会议上的责任来满足信息时代的挑战。 幸运地,我们正面对和解决这些挑战像前人所做的。作为人类有自然探索未知世界,我们发现更多的知识扩张的意境。但知识的宇宙是无限的。知识就越多,我们拥有的越多,未知世界的扩大。当我们解决一个问题,我们就会沉浸在另一个很有吸引力的,或者别人,我们总是不够的知识当面对的一个完全的新问题。因此,幻觉,这就是我称之为“借口,将不会被最终驱散随着知识和经验的积累。更重要的是,我们的社会发展这一过程。 我们不必考虑的问题更复杂的或具有挑战性。我们唯一应该做的,什么是我们的责任,这是解决这些问题在我们的耳边,使更多的感官满足社会的需求。总之,就像这句话:“生活中没有什么可怕的。只有应去了解的东西。” [i=s] 本帖最后由 nature347 于 2010-7-17 01:40 编辑 issue 68 people make the mistake of treating experts with suspicion and mistrust, no matter how valuable their contributions might be. OUTLINE： 1,有不少做出杰出贡献的专家因为超前于时代而得不到人们的信任和认可 2，更有甚者，一些实际上很失败甚至作伪的专家也得到了人们的认可 3，然而也有不少作出了杰出贡献的专家得到了时代的认可 4，实际上，获得人们的信任和认可与具体的贡献不无必然关系，关键在于专家学术的可懂度以及社会的包容度\\个人魅力。人们应当有质疑思想但也不要过于固执己见，排除异己。 In the history of the human development, it not rare that many experts with great contributions were suspected and not acknowledged by the public. However, other people with wrong ideas or meaningless work were advocated by the society. It is wise to believe that the reorganization and trust one expert receive, affected tremendously by the atmosphere of society and the population of their own ideas, has little to do with the contribution they make. Some experts, able to look forward and step out than those in their times, are approximately difficult to get trust and understanding of people, especially if they tried to challenge the authorities. On the contrary, some experts whose didn’t make meaningful founding or even cheat the public with false results were trusted and respected by people. Korean scientist Hwang Woo Suk faked most of his experiments reports but was taken as one of the most outstanding scientists through Asia and not caught till several years after his paper publicized. Of course he is not alone, many “experts” who are good at publicizing himself and make some easy-to-understand and appears essential but actually false work gain people’s trust and reorganization. Luckily, our society is not demonstrated totally by those who don’t make important contributions. Many experts with important findings are trusted by the society as well. For example, Stephen William Hawking is well known all over the world for his quantum theory and books about the origin of the universe. He is able to make his theory interesting and easy to understand thus gain many people’s support. What’s more, as a model of strong will, he is popular all over the world. Apparently, what Hawking and Suk share in common is definitely not the contribution they made, but the ability to make their idea easy to accept and the healthy public figure they set. Then the key to avoid being suspected is simply one’s idea and be able to publicize one’s point of view. As science are growingly specialized, it’s hard for people to really fully understand the theory of the experts, so by making ideas easy-to-understand, the experts can gain more support and trust. The good trend is that less happened that the people distrust the expert with essential findings. It’ the openness and comprehensiveness of the modern society that concerns. We should dare to question the experts as not all their idea are right but remember to endure the different opinions, in which way the whole humanity will move toward a perspective tororrow 在人类发展的历史,它不是罕见的,许多专家和巨大的贡献,而不是被怀疑公众认可的。然而,另一些人用错误的想法和无意义的工作所倡导的社会。这是明智的,重组和信任相信一位专家接受,影响了社会的巨大的氛围,人口自己的思想,几乎没有关系的贡献,他们作出的。 一些专家,能够期待与比那些在他们走出次,约是难以获得的信任和理解的人,特别是如果他们试图挑战权威。 相反,一些专家的成立并没让有意义或者甚至是欺骗与大众的错误的结果是信任和尊重的人。南韩科学家黄禹锡伪造的芳心,他的大多数试验泡报告但是被作为一种最杰出的科学家通过亚洲和未捕获到几年后他的论文发愁。当然他也不是孤单的,许多“专家”的宣传自己擅长的出现,使一些简单易懂的,但实际上假工作必要赢得他人的信任和重组。 幸运的是,我们的社会正显示全部由那些不做出重要的贡献。许多专家与重要的发现是可以信赖的社会。例如,斯蒂芬·威廉·霍金是众所皆知的世界各地的量子理论和书籍为他有关宇宙起源的。他能将他的理论有趣和容易理解由此得到许多人的支持。更重要的是,作为一个模型,坚强的意志,他在全世界都很流行。 显然,霍金所和泡份额的共同点是他们肯定不是贡献,而是有能力让他们的想法容易接受和健康的人士所设定的。 然后重点以避免被怀疑是简单的一个人的想法,并且能够宣传人的观点。作为科学 日益专业化、这是叫人难以真正完全理解的理论思想,所以通过使专家简单易懂的,专家们可以获得更多的支持与信赖。 良好的趋势是,少发生,人们不相信专家具备必要的发现。它的开放性、综合性的现代社会的关切。我们要敢于质疑的专家,因为不是所有他们的想法是正确的,但记得要忍受的看法不同,它于整个人类The author claims that the true value of a civilization is its artistic creations rather than in its scieticifial accomplishments. At the first glance, this opinion seems to be some convincing, but further reflection tells me that I cannot agree with it for the following reasons. Admittedly, artistic creations are no less previous in present the true value of a civilization. First, the processors creat a large majority of cultural legencies from one generation to another which provide gigantic spritial wealths for us. such as, VanGol, who creats the most of valuable paintings in the world which can best prove that artistic creations embody the true value of a civilization. Additionally, we can not assume that there are no films to see, no videos to listen to and no sings to song if artistic creations are no existence. we will not feel the real world that we lived now. However, the scientific accomplishments play a significiant role in generate the value of a civilization. There are a enormouse obvious examples to substanitiate it. For instance, Karl Benz, who produce the first automobile that led faster pace for the humanity and society, we could not imagine our society would be like if there still now be no automobile, May be we still go out on foot, by bicycle or even horses. Moreover, Thomas Edoison who invent the first electric lamp which led the society to the energic terms, certainly, or, we could still live in the dark at nights, the most important thing is that they do their utmost to impluse our society to develop. At last, artistic creations and scientific accomplishments are same important for us to live in the world. Above, artistic creations provide the spritial wealths for us, which lead us into a real world and generate colorfor ways to enjoy life. The other, the called scientific accomplishments, which brings various convince and fast communcations into individual world. At the same time, scientific accomplishments generate general connections with artistic creations. Both of them have a indespensible significance on humanity development history. To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons,which sometimes correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be comfortable to say that artistic creations and scientific accomplishments are take up the commeasure signifiance to reflect the true value of a civilization on human development history. The connections between them like an eagle and his wings :one have ideals and ambitious, but can not realize them, they must depend on each other将会朝向一个视角tororrow 作者声称,一个文明的真正价值是它的艺术创作上,而不是scieticifial成就。一见钟情,该意见似乎是有些令人信服,但进一步思考告诉了我,使我不能同意这样的说法,原因如下。 无可否认,艺术创作是不低于先前在当前文明真正的价值。首先,该处理器创造绝大部分的文化legencies从一代传到另一代wealths提供巨大的spritial为我们,VanGol等,创造了最宝贵的绘画作品中世界上哪个最能证明的艺术创作体现一个文明的真正价值。另外,我们不能想当然地认为没有电影看,没有视频倾听和没有唱唱歌,如果艺术创作是没有existence.我们也不会感到真正的世界,我们住了。 然而,在科学成就上发挥作用的存在价值产生一种文明。有一个明显的例子,enormouse substanitiate它。 例如,卡尔奔驰、谁生产第一辆汽车,使更快的步伐为人类与社会,我们无法想象我们的社会将会像如果现在还没有汽车,也许我们还是出门步行、骑自行车或甚至马匹。此外,托马斯Edoison是谁发明了电灯引领社会向活力的条款,当然,或者,我们可以仍在罪中活著黑暗的夜晚,最重要的是,他们尽了自己最大的努力impluse我们的社会发展。 最后,艺术创作和科学成就都同样重要,对我们活著,在世界上。以上,艺术创作提供spritial为我们wealths,引领我们进入真实的世界,所产生的colorfor方式去享受生活。其他的,称为的科学成就,它会给人带来各种说服和快速通讯为个体的世界。与此同时,科学成就产生一般连接的艺术创作。他们两个都有意义上不可缺少的人性发展的历史。 综上所述,由于上述原因,有时一直遭受着对方,会产生一个一体化整体,从而变得更加令人信服的比任何单一的其中之一,我们可能让人感觉舒服地说,艺术创作和科学成就都占用commeasure将作品反映的真正价值,文明对人类发展的历史。了它们之间的连接关系,如同秃鹰,翅膀:一个有理想,有野心的人,但不能意识到他们,他们必须相互依存的 26Issue26 Along with time passing fast and technology changing rapidly, land becomes more and more scarce and valuable. How to utilize it efficiently? Some claim that the land should be used in the most profitable and needy way, such as building factory or skyscraper for working or resident, so old buildings should be replaced by modern buildings. Others insist that preservation of ancient buildings must be given precedence over modern buildings for ancient buildings have priceless historic value and can not be rebuilded once destroyed. On balance, I advocate the second opinion that antique building should be retained. With a feature of non-restoration, historic buildings represent a nation’s culture and social value of the past, which is the most momentous reason why we have to preserve them. Antique substances such as buildings are the precursor’s legacies to us. Like a history book, old historic buildings tell us many a story of nation’s past, present us how it’s instituted, how it developed, how it got strong, how it declined, and how it perform when facing the attackers. There are so many successful conclusions we can draw from the old buildings, many of which are still useful for contemporary events cogitating, as well as plenty of negative experiences, for which we should introspect and avoid making them happen again in today’s society. By the historic experiences the old buildings provide, we gradually come to know which is right to promote and which is harmful to prevent. As ancient legacies, old buildings especially historically meaningful buildings not only belong to the countries which they locate, but they are treasures of the whole human. People of all nations have responsibility to protect them, no matter they exist within or beyond their own countries. During the World War Ⅱ，when Japan failed and it’s capital Tokyo was severely attacked by American army, why the imperial palace was intact reserved? Because this old building is valuable heritage from the whole human’s ancestry so that we have accountability to reserve it. Beside spiritual value of historic buildings, they also have contemporary material use. For one thing, they constitute the best tourism resource. As everyone knows, Egypt is among the most prevailing countries to attract foreign visitors, which depends on its abundant historic buildings such as pyramid and Sphnix. Being a desert country, Egypt is much scarcer than any other countries. Why is there nobody suggesting demolishing these old buildings. They are viewed as the symbol of the old Egypt’s prosperity. What’s more, they, as the unique and arcane tourist attraction, can bring large fortune to the country, which make tourism become the main industry of Egypt. For another, they can satisfy part of contemporary need. Harvard--the best university in the world, instituted in the eightieth century, still maintains some old buildings, some of which have hundreds of years’ history, using as school buildings or dormitories. If they were replaced by some modern buildings, Harvard would lose her charm to some extend. Although the importance of historic buildings is significant, still we can not ignore the contradictory between old buildings and modern purpose. In the era which development dominates the whole world, land becomes the rarest resource. Among various uses of land such as construction, farming and even reserve old building, we should choose the highest profitable one. To find a balance, we need to analyze different situation respectively. For some meaningful historic old buildings, we must protect them definitely, no matter how large profit the locating land can create. For some normal old buildings, we can remove them for modern aim so as to make the land used most efficient. In a word, modern development should be give precedence to the existence of the valuable historic buildings so that both material need and spiritual need can be served. 随着时间的流逝快速发展和技术快速的改变,土地变得越来越稀有而珍贵的。如何利用它有效吗?有些人声称土地应使用最有利可图的穷乏的方式,如建筑工厂或摩天大楼为工作或居住,所以应当取代旧建筑的现代建筑。另一部分人认为保存古代建筑物必须获得优先地位的古代建筑在现代建筑的历史价值有无价的,不能被rebuilded一旦摧毁。总的来说我提倡第二意见,古色古香的建筑应该被保留。 有一个特点,历史建筑的non-restoration代表了一种民族的文化和社会价值的过去,最重要的原因是我们要保护它们。古董的物质,比如建筑物是这位先驱者的遗产给我们。就像一本历史书,古老的历史建筑的故事告诉我们许多国家的过去、现在我们如何实行,它如何发展、如何让它变得强壮,它如何在下降,并且它是如何表现,面对敌人。有这么多的成功的结论我们可以借鉴这些旧建筑,其中很多都是cogitating为当代的事件仍然有用,以及大量的负面的经历,因为这是值得我们去反省和避免惹他们再次发生在今天的社会。历史经验的旧建筑物提供,我们逐渐知道哪个是正确的,促进和不利于防止。 作为古老的遗产,尤其是在历史上有意义的建筑旧建筑不仅属于国家,他们发现,但其实它们是宝整个人类。各国人民有责任去保护他们,不管它们存在的或超出自己的国家。第一次世界大战期间Ⅱ失败,当日本首都东京,这是受到严厉的攻击美国军队,为什么故宫是完整的保留呢?因为这幢旧房子是宝贵的遗产,从整个人类的祖先,以便我们有责任去预订了。 历史性建筑旁边的精神价值,他们也有现代材料使用。对于一件事,他们是最好的旅游资源。每个人都知道,在埃及是最普遍的国家吸引外国游客,而这又取决于其丰富的历史建筑和Sphnix如金字塔。作为一个沙漠,埃及是很多国家比其他国家。短缺为什么没有人建议拆除这些旧建筑。他们也被视为古老的埃及的象征的繁荣。更为重要的是,他们,作为唯一的、神秘的旅游景点,能带来大笔财富的国家,这使得旅游成为埃及的支柱产业。另外,他们能满足成为当代的需要。哈佛——世界上最好的大学,落实在八十世纪,仍保留了一些旧建筑,其中一些已经几百年的历史,用作为学校的建筑物或宿舍里。如果他们取代了一些现代的建筑,哈佛将失去她的魅力在一定程度。 虽然历史建筑的重要性仍然是严重的,我们不能忽视的矛盾古老建筑和现代的目的。在时代发展,占主导地位的整个世界,土地也就变成最稀有的资源。在各种用途的土地,如建筑、农业和甚至保留旧建筑,我们应该选择最高营利。找到一种平衡,我们需要对不同的情况分别。对于一些历史上有一定代表意义的旧建筑,我们应该保护他们可以肯定的是,无论多么大的利润定位土地所能创造的。对于一些正常的旧建筑,我们可以清除他们,因为现代的目的,从而使最有效地使用。 总之,现代的发展应该优先安排的存在,使双方有价值的历史建筑材料需要和精神需要能得到满足。 Issue 41 This statement actually consists of two claims: (1) that non-mainstream areas of inquiry are vital in satisfying human needs, and (2) that these areas are therefore vital to society. I concede that astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits respond to certain basic human needs. However, in my view the potential harm they can inflict on their participants and on society far out weighs their psychological benefits. Admittedly, these non-mainstream areas of inquiry address certain human needs, which mainstream science and other areas of intellectual inquiry inherently cannot. One such need involves our common experience as humans that we freely make our own choices and decisions in life and therefore carry some responsibility for their consequences. Faced with infinite choices, we experience uncertainty, insecurity, and confusion; and we feel remorse, regret, and guilt when in retrospect our choices turn out be poor ones. Understandably, to prevent these bad feelings many people try to shift the burden of making difficult choices and decisions to some nebulous authority outside themselves-by relying on the stars or on a stack of tarot cards for guidance. Two other such needs have to do with our awareness that we are mortal. This awareness brings a certain measure of pain that most people try to relieve by searching for evidence of an afterlife. Absent empirical proof that like extends beyond the grave, many people attempt to contact or otherwise connect with the so-called \"other side\" through paranormal and psychic pursuits. Another natural response to the prospect of being separated from our loved ones by death is to search for a deeper connection with others here on Earth and elsewhere, in the present as well as the past. This response manifests itself in people’s enduring fascination with the paranormal search for Extraterrestrial life, with so called \"past life\" regression and \"channeling,\" and the like. While the sorts of pursuits that the speaker lists might be \"vital\" in so far as they help some people feel better about themselves and about their choices and circumstances, query whether theses pursuits are otherwise useful to any individual or society. In the first place, because these pursuits are not rooted in reason, they are favorite pastimes of charlatans and others who seek to prey on dupes driven by the aforementioned psychological needs. And the dupes have no recourse. After all, it is impossible to assess credibility of a tarot card that tells us how to proceed in life-simply because we cannot where the paths not taken would have led. Similarly, we cannot evaluate claims about the afterlife because these claims inherently defy empirical proof-or disproof 问题41 这种说法其实是由两种观点:(1)非主流探究领域是至关重要的,在满足人类的需求,以及(2)这些区域,因此是至关重要的,以及对社会的贡献。我不得不承认,占星学、占卜术和意念及超自然探索,追求回应某些基本的人类需求。然而,在我看来它们能造成潜在的危害和对社会对他们的参与者远离他们的心理好处。重 不可否认,这些非主流探究领域某些人类的需求,地址和其他领域的主流科学知识探究固有的不能。一个普通的经历如此的需要涉及到我们作为人类的我们自由使我们自己的选择和决定生活中带着一些责任,因此带来的后果。面对无限的选择,我们经验的不确定性、不安全、混乱的;我们感到忏悔、后悔和内疚的时候回想过去我们的选择转出的是不好的。可以理解的是,以防止这些坏感觉很多人努力转移的负担,很难作出选择和决定一些含糊不themselves-by外权证为依托的恒星或在一大堆塔罗牌作参考。 另外两个这样的需求已与我们意识到:我们都是凡人。这种意识带来一定程度的疼痛缓解,大多数人尝试寻找证据的来生。经验证明,像缺席延伸超出了坟墓,很多人企图接触或其他连接与所谓的“另一边”通过超自然的和精神的追求。另一种自然反应的前景的人分开,来自于我们的亲密爱人的死亡是寻找一个更深的连接与他人在地球上和其他地方,在目前以及过去。这种反应,它体现在人们的不朽的迷恋超自然的搜寻外星生命,用所谓的“过去的生活”和“通灵,回归”等等。 而各种追求,讲话人名单可能是“重要”说到他们帮助一些人对自己感觉更好和关于他们的选择和具体情况,怀疑论文有用的追求其他任何个人或社会。首先,因为这些追求并非植根于理性,他们是为装模作样和他人喜爱的消遣寻求捕食我们驱动由上述的心理需求。和我们没有追索权。毕竟,它是无法评估的可信度的塔罗牌卡,告诉我们如何继续在life-simply,因为我们不知道哪里的路径不采取可领。同样的,我们不能评估声称约来世,因为这些主张disproo实证proof-or固有的抗拒 83 How we define ourselves is a prolonged philosophical question lasting over two thousand years with various proposals by scholars of nearly all eras, among which some holds the idea that our personality completely depends on our identification with social groups. This opinion, at first glance, seems to be meaningful in that we can only know ourselves’ names by others, but in my view of point, the personality consists of the external part and internal part, the formal of which can be reflected by others and the defined by the latter, while the latter of which roots steadily at the depth of our inner mind. The external part of personality involves all the characters with respect to interactive activities with other persons, which in turn can only be reflected according to the response and feedback of the social groups with whom we get along. A person’s character can typically exemplify this claim. No matter how instrospective we are, and no matter how we try to define ourselves as an introvert or extrovert person, the correct self-recognition can only be attested at the time of social activities, when we have to take actions to deal with all kinds of people and occasions. A person originally regarded as the conservative can be surprisingly sophisticated, while the person known to be extrovert can be extraordinarily timid. Different action may inevitably lead to distinct response and identification with social groups, thus bring us comments that cannot be more objective and precise because they are primarily the real consequence of our explicit actions. Such identification, without doubt, may even astonish ourselves as we rarely recognize our potentials deeply rooted in our personality. Somehow, we would rather say only through the outside response and comments can we recognize certain aspects of ourselves, the external aspects dealing with social relationships and so on. Although external personality can be defined according to outsiders’ response, that’s not all of one’s personality, since the internal part are also indispensable. The internal part of personality may include one’s thought and morality, etc., which can be maintained by pure spirit. Rene Descartes ever proposed a famous assumption based on which he founded up the whole system of his philosophy: “Cogito, ergo sum”. According to his point of view, what is eternally tangible is the awareness of the thought. I approve this idea because as far as I am concerned, if I were to doubt the reality of my thought and the existence of the action of thinking depended on others’ responses, I might be trapped into the pitfall that I would have to seek for the responses for the thought that I doubted the reality of my thought, which goes into an infinite circulation. To simply state, any one can recognize his thought as long as he is alive and conscious, and it is independent of however other people’s response are. This is probably why most accomplished philosophers are satisfied with their pure spiritual kingdoms, where they find safety, happiness and seemingly lead completely transcending lives compared with secular ones. This is the inner part of personality, independently and stably existing without the outside influence, and being acknowledged by pure personal reasoning. Compared with the external part of personality, the internal part of personality, which is independent to the identifications with social groups, plays even more fundamental and crucial role to compose one’s personality and conduct the formation of the external part. The external part is usually variable, as approved by a lot of psychologists with the opinion that the character can be remolded, while to remold the character is the function of the internal part of personality, which is relatively stable and invariable. A rational person used to be conservative, as he may stick with the original experiences or the consequence proved to be correct by evidences or rational deduction. The alternation of a person from extrovert one to the introvert may be the potential varying of his way of thinking, or some thoughts in his mind to conduct his upper character and then his action. In this way, the external part of personality is the production or the consequence of the internal part, which is further reflected by the social identification through which the individual is aware of the external part. From this point of view, the personality is more prone to be an independent and solid material maintaining by the mind than liquid reflecting and molding by social identification. In sum, I hold the idea that social identification reflect rather than define the external part of personality, while it is the internal part of the personality defines the external part, which is relatively stable and invariable. This recognition, however, as the solution to most controversial philosophic problem, is open to debate and hard to approve in near future years. 我们如何定义自己是一个长期的哲学问题持久的两千多年与学者的各种建议,几乎所有的时代,其中一些持有的观念,我们的性格完全取决于我们的认同社会团体。这一看法,乍一看,似乎是有意义的,我们只能被别人知道自己的名字,但在我的角度指出,人格构成的外部和内部的部分,部分反映了正式的可以被他人以及定义了由后者,而后者在根稳定的深度,内在意识。 外部的一部分包括所有的人物性格等方面存在着一定的互动活动与他人,反过来也只能被反射,根据系统的响应速度和反馈的社会团体,叫我们与他同住和睦相处。一个人的性格典型地举例说明这种索赔。无论多么instrospective我们,无论我们如何试图定义自己是一个性格内向的性格外向的人,或正确的自我认同只能证明当时的社会活动,当我们不得不采取行动,与各种各样的人打交道和场合。一个人最初视为保守派可以惊人的复杂,而来,被认为是外向的人可以非常胆小怕事。不同的行动也许不可避免地导致截然不同的反应和认同,因而使我们的社会群体的评论不能更客观、准确,因为他们基本上是我们的真正的结果明确的行动。这样的识别,毫无疑问,甚至会震撼就像我们很少认识到我们的潜力已深深扎根在我们的个性。不知何故,我们宁愿说只有通过外部反应和注释,我们深知自己的某些方面,外部事务处理社会关系等。 虽然外在人格可以被定义为根据外界的反应,那不是所有人的性格,因为内部部分也是必不可少的。内部的一面可能包括一个的思想意识和道德等,它们可以保持纯净的精神。提出了一种著名的雷内·笛卡尔曾经假设基于他创办了整个系统的情况,他的哲学,因此总和:意指以“我思”。根据他的观点,是什么永远是有形的意识思想。我赞同这个想法,因为在我看来,如果我怀疑我的思想与现实的存在依赖他人的思想行为的反应,我也许会陷入的困境中,我将不得不寻求反应的思想,我怀疑我的思想的现实,这也就成一个无限循环。简单的状态,任何人都可以识别他认为只要他活着,并有意识的,并且它是独立的不过是别人的反应。这或许就是为什么最有成就的哲学家就满足于他们的纯净的灵性王国,在那里他们找到安全、幸福和表面上的铅完全超越世俗国家的生活相比。这是一种内在的一部分个性、独立、稳定地没有外在的影响,存在和被认可纯粹个人推理。 与外部的一部分,其内部的一部分个性品格,它是独立的社会团体的辨识,起到至关重要的作用更根本性和创作个性和行为的外部部分的形成。外部的部分通常是变量,就像很多心理学家的批准和的角度看,性格特点可以重塑的同时,塑造性格的功能是内部的一面,那是比较稳定的,不变的。一个理智的人曾经是保守的,因为他可以继续按原先的经验或结果的证据证明是正确的或理性的演绎。从一个人的递变的性格内向的性格外向的人之一可能是潜在的不同的思维方式,或者他的一些想法在他的脑海里进行的上方的性格,然后他的行为。以这种方式,外部的一面是生产或结果的内部组成部分,这是进一步所反映的社会认同通过其个人的意识到外部的部分。从这一点看,性格更容易成为一个独立的和固体材料保持头脑的反思和成型比液体由社会认同。 总之,我持有的观念,反映社会认同,而不是定义外部的一面,尽管它是人格的内在的一部分定义了外部部分,它是相对稳定的,不变的。这一认识,然而,作为解决最有争议的哲学问题, 是公开讨论和艰苦的批准在不久的将来十年。 54 \"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today.\" The speaker has asserted the conclusion that knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today, while other people would argue that knowing the past provides valuable experiences which could be applied today. As far as I am concerned, I would stand on other people's side to support the opinion that past experiences are helpful and useful nowadays and illustrate my reasons from two aspects. It is admittedly that some past experiences can not be applied into the situation of today because the time has changed a lot. Normally, experiences can be useful only in similar situations or in same or close time. As time goes by, several factors can be changed thus the experience can not applied anymore. For example, the survey which America goverment did in 1960s showed that people are prefer to buy houses which are located near the downtown. While in 2000s, more and more people are prefer to live far away from the downtown due to the crowded living environment and air pollution in the central of the city. If the land agent rely on the experience and decide to build more apartments in the central of the city it will definitely fail in this business. This illustrates that the former experience will be changed as time goes by, people can not rely on the past experience. However, people still can learn some important values from the study of history events. Although the changes of time and situation make the experiences can not be applied anymore todays, the method and logic of the experiences are still useful. What people need to learn from history is the ways of solving problems, if such ability is obtained they are able to deal with the troubles regardless the different situation and time. For example, businessmen need to make analysis about a great amount of past business cases in order to find out the reason for success and the reason for failure of every business case. By studying these cases businessmen can draw some conclusion about in what situation will most probably lead to the success or failure in the business, then they can be more careful in making decisions when such situation happens hence they can avoid failure mostly. In sum, the study of history can be helpful when people make important decisions today. Additionally,the study of history can help people to better understand the present. The development of society is continuous since the begining of civilization, to study the original society can make people know the present society well in order to correctly make important decisions today. For instance, people in the past used to starting wars to solve the conflicts between countries, the results of those wars are thousands of sodiers died and citizens are suffered from the collapes of economy. By studying the history of wars and the result wars resulted people at present realize that it is not the right and proper way to solve conflicts, then leaders choose to negotiate peacefully instead in order to avoid sodiers' death and the collapes of economy. It illustrates that knowing the past can be helpful to people to make important decisions today. To sum up, history is not completely suitable as time changes, but the experience and method of those history cases can be valuable. There's no easy way for people to arrive at the same conclusion on this complex issue.Nevertheless, taking into account all the dimensions discussed above, I believe that more and more people would agree that history can also help people to make important decisions today. 史只教会了我们一件事:了解过去无助于人们今天作出重要的决定。 演讲者已经宣称,得出这样的结论:了解过去无助于人们今天作出重要的决定,而其他的人会认为知道过去提供了有价值的经验可以应用的今天。就我而言,我将站在别人的身后支持这样的观点,过去的经历是有用的,有益的现在,说明我的原因从两个方面。 这是无可否认,这一些过去的经历,不能将其运用于今天的情况,因为在当时已改变了许多。通常,经验可能是有用的只有在类似的情况或在相同或关断时间。随着时间的流逝,有几个因素可以改变从而经历可以不适用了。例如,美国政府所做的调查表明,人们在20世纪60年代,宁可买房子,位于市中心。而在21世纪以来,越来越多的人比较喜欢住远离市区由于拥挤的居住环境和空气污染在中部的城市。如果地产商的依靠经验和决定建造更多的公寓在中部城市它一定会不及格这件事吧。这说明,前者的经验将会改变随着时间的流逝,人们可以不依赖过去的经验。 然而,人们还可以学一些重要的价值与历史的研究活动。尽管这些变化的时间和情况使经验不能省略了。今天,方法和逻辑的经验仍是很有用的。人们需要学习,从历史中是解决问题的方法,如果这样的能力是获得他们能够处理这个麻烦无论不同情况和时间。例如,商人需要做出分析大量的过去的业务分析,旨在找出其原因为成功和失败原因的每个商业案例。通过研究这些病例可以得出结论的商人在什么情况下将最有可能导致的成功或失败的业务有,那么他们可以更小心的在制定决策时,这样的形势发生了于是他们可以避免失败的大部分。总之,历史的研究能是有用的,当人们今天作出重要的决定。 此外,历史的研究可以帮助人们更好地理解这礼物。社会的发展是连续的开端以来文明,研究了原有的社会可以让人知道目前社会为了正确今天作出重要的决定。例如,过去人们用来打起仗来解决国家之间的冲突,结果那些战争中死亡,数以千计的sodiers公民遭受这一切所带来的经济。通过研究历史和战争的结果导致目前战争的人意识到,它是不正确的、合适的方式解决冲突,然后选择和平而不是谈判领导人为了避免的死亡,sodiers一切经济。这说明,了解过去可以帮助人们今天作出重要的决定。 综上所述,历史并不完全适合,但随着时间的变化的历史经验及方法的病例可能是很有价值的。没有简单的方法为人们到相同的结论在这个复杂的问题。不过,考虑到所有的维度以上讨论,我相信,越来越多的人会同意,历史也能帮助人们今天作出重要的决定。 TOPIC: ISSUE171 - \"People who pursue their own intellectual interests for purely personal reasons are more likely to benefit the rest of the world than are people who try to act for the public good.\" According to the human natures, it is true that when one pursue his or her personal goals based on individual interests, one will do the work more efficiently. While, when it comes to benefit the whole society, I do believe that the motivation for the public good plays a more important role in people's work. As a matter of fact, it is not reasonable to divide the motivations for personal reasons and public good. As a famous educator ever said, the interest is the best teacher. It reveals that people who pursue their own intellectual interest always study more actively and seriously. Other people may think their works are boring and onerous, but they love their works, and enjoy the process to achieve their goals, because it is their interests lie on. On one can deny that people who have enthusiasm and strong interests toward their works are more likely to make amazing discoveries and great contributions. Albert Einstein, the greatest physiologist in 20th century, once said, \"I have no special gift - I am only passionately curious \". It can not imagine that at the absence of interests, Albert Einstein could make the great contribution for our world. Besides individual interests, other personal reasons can promote the efficiency of one's work as well. For example, in many companies, the levels of salary are directly correlated to the employee's performance. This is the most common way to motivate employees to work harder, because the personal profit is one of the basic needs which people care about. However, doing a good job does not necessarily mean benefiting the world at the same time. Whether society benefits from a person’s work may be dependant on various factors. The most important factor is people’s concern about public good. Admittedly, most people’s works, both with or without individual interests, have contributions for our society more or less. But how about people who have strong interests on something that is harmful for human beings, such as nuclear weapons and terrorism? Without the care about the welfare of whole society, it might be ridiculous to affirm that all works which attract people’s interests will benefit the world. The “purely personal reasons” is far away to be a convincible criterion for people making choices. For example, the terrorists in 9/11 Attack all hold their personal faith, and overlook the safe and profit of the rest of the world. In a word, over-emphasize on individual motivation and over-neglect pubic good will put our world in a dangerous situation. In fact, based on the individual interests, people who care about the welfare of whole society will benefit the world more than people who do not care. For one thing, governments and society organizations always offer financial and political supports for people who do researches or works which are benefit for public good. Consequently, they will have better equipments, sufficient funding and partners to pursue their goals and will more probably make great contributions. While people who do not care public good may have less opportunities to obtain those supports. It will be an obstacle for their works. For another, when people try to benefit the whole society, people will have the high responsibility to do the hard works and sacrifice their own profits. The responsibility is also a kind of human natures, and is more important than intellectual interests. A case in point is Abraham Lincoln, United State’s 16th president, who is credited with saving the Union from disintegration and eliminating slavery in America, even sacrificed his own life. Obviously, no one who just has purely personal reasons can achieve equally as him. In conclusion, in our world, individual intellectual interests and the concerns about public good are equally are both have significance influences on the development of the society. Only when we combine both of them can we benefit our society most. What is more, for the benefit of the whole world, people mush subject their personal reasons to the public good in many cases 主题:ISSUE171——“人追求自己学术兴趣是纯粹的个人原因,更有可能造福世界其他国家的人比出于公众利益努力。” 根据人的本性,它是真实的,当一个人追求他/她的个人目标,基于个体利益,你将做这工作更有效率。同时,当涉及到使整个社会的时候,我相信对公众有益的动机中发挥更大的作用在人 们的工作。作为一个事实,不合理划分的动机因为个人原因和公众利益。 作为一名著名的教育家曾经说,兴趣是最好的老师。结果表明,人总是追求自己学术兴趣更积极地、认真研究。其他的人认为他们的行为是令人讨厌的和繁重,但他们爱他们的作品,并享受过程,以达到他们的目标是很重要的,因为这是他们的兴趣躺在。在人可以否认人的热情和强烈的兴趣,朝著他们的作品更有可能做出惊人的发现和伟大的贡献。阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦,最大的生理学家在20世纪,曾经说过,“我没有特别的礼物——我只是热情地好奇”。它不能想象,在缺乏兴趣,阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦能作出巨大的贡献对我们的世界。除了个人利益,其他个人原因能效率的提升一个人的工作。例如,在许多公司里,水平的工资是直接关联到员工的工作表现。这是最常见的方式激励员工更努力工作,因为个人利润的一个最基本的需求,人们所关心的人。 然而,做一个好工作并不一定意味着造福世界在同一时间内。不管社会受益于一个人的工作也许有依赖于各种各样的因素。最重要的一个因素就是人民关注公共利益的。诚然,大多数人的作品,两者或有或无各自的利益,为我们的社会有贡献更大或更小。可是那些有强烈的兴趣的东西,是有害的,对人类来说,如核武器和恐怖主义?不关心整个社会的福利,它可能是荒谬的,确信所有的作品吸引了人们的利益,有利于世界。“纯粹出于个人原因,“还远不能一个许多人做出的选择标准。例如,恐怖分子在9 / 11的攻击都以他们的个人信念,忽略了安全和利润的世界的其余部分。总之,偏重于个人动机和over-neglect公共好将把我们的世界在处于危险境地。 事实上,基于个人利益,人们关心的整个社会的福利将世界受益更多的人比那些不关心。首先,政府和社会组织总是给予财政与政治支持的人做研究或工作中经常效益为公众利益。因此,他们将有更好的设备,足够的资金和合作伙伴的去追求自己的目标,将更有可能做出了巨大的贡献。而那些不关心公共利益可能比较少机会获得这些人的支持。它将成为他们的工作。另一方面,当人们试图使整个社会,人们也将有很高的责任去努力的工作和牺牲自己的利润。责任也是一种人类的天性,更重要的是知识的兴趣。一个典型的例子是亚伯拉罕·林肯,美国的16届总统,谁是被认为具有节约联盟瓦解和消除奴隶制在美国,甚至牺牲了自己的生命。很明显,没有谁才有纯粹出于个人原因,可以达到同样也不愿意和他打交道。 1 1:我的第一篇issue reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. those who are really in earnest about reforming a goverment , an educational system , or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world. Reform, one kind of social campaign which purpose is to bring a bright future to the society and make the institutions more active, is always launched by people who are concerned with the social welfare but not their own reputation and social standing. Thus, the people who make the society undertaken a kind of reform such like governmet reform, education system reform and so on, must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the other people all over the world. Firstly，the reform is rarely brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. The reform, a kind of social phenomenon which m ay be seen a little strange, can be explained by some reasons as follows. To begin with, a reform usually brought about on the fields of the social life where exists so many pr oblems that embarrass its appropriate development. The people who bring about the reform must be the ones who are concerned with the social welfare rather than their o wn benefits. What’s more, the reform itself needs too much work to be done. The people who bring about the reform should try their best to work so hard to complete thi s kind of task that their have no time to consider their own repayments. Finally, the result of this kind of social activity is always uncertain from the very beginning of our hum an society to the current social life. Therefore, it is unable for the reformers to forecast the future of their own. Following these reasons above, it can be affirmed that the re formers usually unconcerned with their own repayments. Secondly, the people who make a decision that they themselves should bring about the reforming to the society, usually try their best in every aspects of the campaign t hey launched, but scarcely think anything about themselves. In fact, they are really willing to be viewed with disdain by others. For one reason, the reform, a social phenome non which can also be viewed as a kind of campaign, is tremendously complex that nobody can foretell its result. If it arrive at a unpleasant end, the people who launched thi s campaign will be abused and treated impolitely. For another reason, on many occasions, the reform has already been successful in the end and does makes contributions to the society, though, the other people may never accept it for any kind of reasons. Thus, all the people who are really earnest about the reforming think about is how to mak e the measures taken by themselves valuable for the society to take a progress in its development and well accepted by the citizen, and they never consider their own spot s. As a result, we can make a conclusion that the people who are really in earnest about the reforming of any aspects of the human society, usually consider to bring a brigh t future to the society and make the institutions more active, and scarcely concerned with their own reputation and social standing. In real, they are always making themselv es able to accept the disdain viewed by the other people of the society for the time being 我的第一篇issue issue1: 改革所带来的是很少人关注自己的名声和社会地位。 那些真正认真地改革的一个政府,一个教育体制、或其他任何机构都必须是业余选手 愿意被以蔑视由世界的其余部分。 改革、一种社会运动的目的是要带来一个美好的未来给社会,使制度更为积极,总是发起的人 关心社会福利而不是他们自己的名声和社会地位。因此,使社会的人承担的一种改革这样的governmet 改革、教育体制改革等,必须愿意被以蔑视其他世界各地的人们。 首先,改革所带来的是很少人关注自己的名声和社会地位。改革,一种社会现象,m 嗳被看见有点奇怪,可以解释为某种原因如下。首先,改革在田野上通常带来的社会生活在什么地方存在这么多的公关 其深层次的尴尬适当发展。成功的人是那些导致改革必须是那些关心社会福利,而不是他们的进攻 wn效益。更重要的是,改革本身需要太多的工作要做。成功的人是那些导致改革应尽其所能来完成这个工作很辛苦的 他们是什么样的任务,没有时间去思考自己的偿还。最后,依据研究结果,本种社会活动总是不确定的从一开始我们的嗡嗡声 一个社会对当前社会生活。因此,它是无法为改革者们来预测未来的自己。以上这些理由证明,它是可以肯定的,回应 前者通常用他们自己的还款无动于衷。 其次,人们做决定了,他们自己应该带来改革给社会,通常在每一个方面试他们的最好的竞选的t 嘿发射升空,但几乎没有思考任何谈论自己。事实上,他们是真的愿意被以蔑视别人。其中一个原因就是,一个社会的改革,phenome 非也可被看作是一种运动,是极其复杂的,没人能预测结果。如果它来到一个不愉快的尽头,这是这个人发起的 s的活动将会被滥用和治疗不礼貌。另一个原因,在很多情况下,改革已经成功的最后,并做出 更多更大的贡献 社会,虽然,别人可能永远也不会接受它对任何形式的原因。因此,所有的人都真的热切地要改革的思考是如何麦 艾凡所采取的措施来看,由他们自己有价值,为社会的进步要开发和认可的公民,他们从不考虑自己的位置 s。 作为一个结果,我们可以得出结论:中的人是真的在热切地要改革的任何方面,通常认为人类社会带来一个璀璨 t未来的社会、使制度更活跃,不太关注自己的名声和社会地位。在现实,他们总是在犯themselv es能接受鄙视观看别人的社会只是暂时的 38 TOPIC: ISSUE38 - \"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books.\" WORDS: 607 TIME: 1:30:50 DATE: 2006-8-25 简要提纲： 开头：那篇官方6分范文的经典开头。不知这样写是否会被判雷同或是降低印象分„„ 的一段：表明电视的确在某些方面是很有优势的 第二段：举出比较直观易理解的阅读比电视要好的地方 第三段：举出另外两个较深层次的阅读较电视的有事所在 结尾：平平庸庸的结尾。 In this era of great impacts in our lives brought by television, people now have another choice of learning from the television or other means of videos. Hence come a lot of debates concerning whether television is superior to reading as the a means of learning. In my point of view, although television has advantages in some areas of learning, reading is still indispensable. I admit of some advantages of television over reading in some aspects. The major improvement of television is the form of video that will help people to understand the materials more easily. For example, when a young baseball player want to learn how to peach, any reading, no matter how exactly the words explain or how vividly the pictures look, will not be better than a piece of video that show the whole action continuously. Television is the best way for the studies that requires a full sensation of something continuous. Meanwhile, television can provide us with a more comprehensive and visualized context of the information. For instance, when we want to know the situation of Bagdad during the war, we can not find other means superior than a video report shown on the screen, imparting us with the scene full of bombing from every building, the crying of lost child, and the cheering of people attaining freedom. A lot of evidences do not allow us to deny the great improvement that television provides. If our experiences tell us, on the one hand, that television has many advantages over reading in learning, they serve no less, on the other hand, to remind us many other drawbacks of television that we should not overlook. The most obvious disadvantage of television may involve that it is more demanding than books. We can not have a TV set work and provide us with the attractive videos without electricity or an access to airwaves or cable connection, while a book can serve us with only the requisite of something to page----we often use our figures to fulfill such requirement. And the television is not as portable as books----we are able to take our favorable books in our bags or pockets, and enjoy reading in any place as we wish, while we may not take a TV set with us so easily. These drawbacks make television not so favorable to us in some cases. Moreover, reading has another two advantages that are more influential in our learning over television. First, the materials in books are more likely to be unbiased and unprejudiced than that in television. I admit that bias and prejudice can also be found in some books, but the situation is not as significant as in television. As we know, in these days running a television channel is a fairly costly task, thus many television stations have to accept fund from some groups----especially political groups. Therefore, as patronage, these groups can influence the materials shown in the television, further imparting information to the audience that are favorable to them. Thus the television programs will be suspicious or at least partial. Secondly, reading will forward the ability of imagining and thinking. The television's advantage of visualization is on the other hand its drawbacks, as it gives birth to the idleness of our imagination and thinking that are essential to our perspective and foresight. In these senses, television can not take the place of television. Briefly, television is an important development in providing us with another effective means of learning in some cases. However, reading also has essential advantages as our dispensable means of requiring information and knowledge, and will not be replaced by television. 在当今这个时代,在我们的生活中带来巨大的冲击,现在人们已经通过电视的另一种选择的学习,从电视或其他方式的视频。因此来很多的辩论,关于是否电视优于阅读作为一个学习的方式。从我的观点来看,虽然电视具有一些地区的学习,阅读仍是必不可少的。 我承认,一些特别的优点在一些方面,电视对雷丁。主要的改进的形式的电视录像,有助于人们理解的材料更容易。例如,当一个年轻的棒球球员想要学习如何桃子,任何阅读,不论多么确切的词解释,或如何将图片看,生动地没法比一张视频显示整个行动不断。电视是最好的方式来研究别人的东西,需要完全的感觉持续不断的。与此同时,电视,可以给我们提供一个更全面的、可视化的信息内容。例如,当我们想知道目前的情况可以删去的战争期间,是不是我 们也可以找到其他方法优于一个视频报告显示在屏幕上,在传授我们与现场每幢房子充满了炸弹,哭的丢失的孩子,和欢呼的人获得自由。大量的证据不允许我们否认这一伟大的改良,电视提供了。 如果我们的经验告诉我们,一方面,电视,具有很多优点,在学习的过程中,他们提供阅读不是更少,另一方面,提醒我们很多其他的缺点,我们不应忽视电视。 最明显的缺点,它是电视可能涉及到更多的要求比书本。我们不能有一台电视机的工作,以及向我们提供有吸引力的视频没有电或访问电波或电缆连接,而一本书可以为我们服务的必需品,仅用一些页面——我们经常使用我们的数字来满足这样的要求。和电视并不是当便携式,书籍——我们能够把我们的良好的书放在我们的口袋里或钱袋,并享受阅读在任何地方,在我们所求的,虽然我们可能不需要一台电视机和我们那么容易的。这些弊端使电视不是那么优惠给我们在某些情况下。 此外,阅读有另一个两大优势,在我们的学习更有影响力在电视上。首先,在书的材料更有可能成为比不带偏见,不带偏见在电视上演出。我承认偏见和歧视也被发现在一些书,但是现在的情况并不像在电视广播业。具有同样意义正如我们所知道的,在这些日子里运行一个电视频道是一个相当昂贵的任务,因此许多电视台不得不接受基金从一些集团——特别是政治团体。因此,作为光顾,这样的群体可以影响材料中显示的电视,进一步向观众传授信息,有利于他们。这样的电视节目将可疑或至少部分。其次,读书并将想象和思维的能力。电视的利用可视化是另一方面它的缺点,就生出了懒惰的我们的想像和思想,这是必要的,这样我们的观点和远见。在这些感觉,电视不能代替电视。 简单地说,电视是一种重要的发展在为人类提供另一种有效学习的方式在某些情况下。然而,阅读也有本质上的优势意味着需要我们不必要的信息和知识,而不会被替换为电视。 169 [i=s] 本帖最后由 Neptune2010 于 2009-7-10 18:00 编辑 TOPIC: ISSUE169 - \"Those who treat politics and morality as though they were separate realms fail to understand either the one or the other.\" In my opinion, morality is essentially related to politics. Politicians who fail to reconcile these two aspects fail to understand each other. People in any democratic society often describe the politics as a dirty game, in which politician pursue for the great power by all means regardless of moral concerns. Perhaps we have heard over years that a candidate made a long list of promises during a election campaign to make him appeal to voters, yet during his presidency, the promises never came true. Similarly we have heard numerous scandals on politician's bribery, misconducts, selling political seats, or others. Each time a politician deviates from the public morality or wrongheaded wields his power, the result is his downfall. Examples like the Watergate scandals aptly illustrate the point. For better or worse, morality and immorality considerably influence the politics. An amoral political world does not exist. Not only does morality influence the political games, many social and political issues and problems we face are also connected to morality. The issue of abortion, for example, is in essence a moral issue. Should governments legitimate abortion or forbade it, the legitimacy would accords to the moral standards of certain group of societal member while violates those of another. In legal system, death penalty is another issue that is highly relevant to morality, since people have different moral approval or disapproval on it. In addition, even the governments funding on research is somewhat concerned with morality, like the generic researching. On the one hand generic advancement could bring huge potential benefits to human's health. On the other hand, it is possible to undermine our long-established moral standards, in the name of human cloning. Politicians who make decisions on the above issues should take into account moral concerns from various groups of people within the society for the purpose of fully legitimating the proposal, solving the problems and so on. If we admit that morality is highly related to politics, we have to also admit that those who only treat these two aspects as unity can fully understand them. Yet, in history, few political leaders seem to attain it. It is largely through the retrospect that we start to understand how much morality weighs in the world of politics, as well as in society. A political retrospect on the English iron lady Margret Thatcher reveals the contradictory views that she has left in the political history of the UK. It was true that Margret Thatcher solved many social problems left after the Second World War such as fragile economics, recessed global status, and constant strikes by the unions. However, such contributions were counteracted by the by-products. Margret's iron policy (characterized as \"no sympathy\") on governments intervene on business unavoidably exacerbated the economic difference between the poor and the rich and promoted a sense of selfishness and greed in many small businesses. She also weakened the power of the unions and state-funded social programs that resulted a recession of the countries' whole welfare system. What it meant to the society was that taxpayers have to more rely on themselves to ensure their insurance, pensions and so on,--a result of egoism. Eventually, all the concerns went down to one issue -- general morality. At the end of her third-term, while people were driven largely by selfishness, social unrest and criminality increased dramatically, which finally led to her downfall. In this retrospect, as long as we believe that the ultimate goal of politicians is to enhance the general welfare of people, morality is certainly a significant measurement in the realm of politics. In sum, morality is truly related to politics. Any politician should comprehend both political concerns and moral concerns to progress society, whatever in obtaining the power or wielding the power. Those who omit morality in their political ideology ultimately fail to understand politics, and consequentially was pulled down from their political seat, like Margret Thatcher. 题:ISSUE169——那些把政治和道德看成是两码事的人既不懂。\" 在我看来,道德本质上是和政治有关。政客们无法调和这两方面失败了彼此的了解。 任何一个民主社会的人经常描述政治作为一个肮脏的把戏,政治家追求的巨大力量采取一切手段不顾道德关怀。也许我们已经听到了多年,一长串的候选人在竞选承诺让他呼吁选民,但在他担任总统期间,得著所应许的,永远不会成真了。同样我们听见在众多的丑闻政客的贿赂、舞弊、销售政治的座位上,或他人。每一次一个政治家背离了社会公德或者wrongheaded挥舞着他的权力,结果是他垮台的原因。适宜的例子如水门丑闻说明这一点。更好或更坏,大大影响了道德与不道德的政治。一个超越道德的政治世界不存在。 道德不仅影响政治游戏,许多社会问题和政治问题和存在的问题,并且被连接到我们面对的是道德。堕胎的问题,例如,在本质上是一个道德问题。应该禁止合法流产或政府的合法性,将遵照道德标准的特定的团体组织的社会成员而违反另一州。在法律体系中,死刑是另一个问题,对道德呈高度正相关的,因为人们有不同的道德批准或者不批准。此外,即使政府资金来研究是有点关心,就像通用的道德研究的。一方面进步所带来的巨大潜力,通用对人的健康有利。另一方面,它可能破坏我们的历史的道德标准,克隆人类的名义。政客们,他们做决定对以上问题应考虑道德关怀从不同群体的人在社会为目的,充分运用这项提议,解决的问题等等。 如果我们承认道德是高度和政治有关,我们还必须承认,那些只处理这些两方面统一能够充分理解他们。然而,在历史的长河中,没有任何政治领导人似乎是实现它。这很大程度上是通过回顾,我们开始了解多少道德的重量,在世界上的政治,以及在社会中。一个政治回顾Margret英语铁娘子撒切尔揭示了相互矛盾的看法,她的政治历史遗留的英国。这是真的,解决了许多社会问题Margret撒切尔夫人离开了第二次世界大战结束后,如脆弱的经济,全球地位凹进、不断打击了工会。然而,这样的贡献被中和的副产品。Margret是铁政策(描述成“不表同情”)对政府介入经济差异业务难免加剧了穷人与富人之间,促进了一种自私和贪婪在许多小型企业。她也削弱工会的力量的社会项目和托比导致经济衰退的国家整体的福利制度。什么是社会是纳税人不得不更多的依赖于他们自己,以确保他们的保险、退休金等,——由于受人冷落。最终,所有的关注下到一个问题——一般道德。在她生命的最后一刻,当人们被任期超过两届主要由自私自利,社会动荡和犯罪行为的急剧增加,最终导致她的垮台。在此回顾,只要我们相信政客们的最终目标是提高全民福利的人来说,无疑是一个重要的测量道德领域中的政治。 总之,道德确实是和政治有关。任何政治家都应该理解政治关系和道德关怀进步的社会,无论在获得力量或挥舞它的力量。那些在他们的政治意识形态省略道德最终未能理解政治,并最终被拉倒从座位上,像他们的政治Margret撒切尔。 109 1）反对观点。 （2）广告的目的就是为了促进产品的销售，而不是为了帮助人们自我感觉更好，比如，电器、厨具等等的广告，怎么能让消费者“像”广告中的人物，使他们自我感觉好呢？ （3）广告很有效通常有两种情况：第一种是有些广告找明星来作主角，这样很多追星族因为对偶像的认同，也会来购买偶像所推荐的产品，这样的例子很多；第二种情况是消费者受到广告中宣传的效果的鼓动而购买产品，比如化妆品的广告赚足了女性的钱 177 177\"The study of an academic discipline alters the way we perceive the world. After studying the discipline, we see the same world as before, but with different eyes.\" Do people change their way they perceive the world after studying an academic discipline? Some people assert that the we look at the samw world with different eyes after the study of an academic discipline. In my point of view, I strongly agree with this assertion. To support my point, I will present several examples involving education. First, we must understand why an academic discipline has so strong power to alter our way of perceiving the world. When born, our mind is simple and pure. We look at the world, passively, absorbing never-before-seen things that are happening, thus changing our understanding of the world. We grow up, year by year, accumulating knowledges not only academic but mostly common sense. We never look at water as something cold and no taste any more, but something composed of hydrogen and oxygen that can drown us. It is the knowledges that reconstruct our brains, and assist them to think and react in better ways. As we know, knowledge is something that how we think the world is, how to recognize it and how to understand it. So knowledge, especially acquired by studying an academic discpline will significantly lift us to a higher level. One good example in point is that what biology can change a child's attitude toward animals like ants. Ants may only mean black moving little countless creatures that are interesting. They move in lines and carry food with their jaws and they can kill caterpillars. However, all these impression are superficial. But situation is different for a child who read biological books about ants and other social insects. They will have respect to this amazing society structure of ants, which may be the second complex society on earth, running after human's. And they know why they can kill caterpillars which is much bigger in size: ants have poison in their jaws and they hunt in groups, seems quite intellectual. Child like this looks at the ants in eyes different from that who didn't read. Any specialist has a thorough mastery of a specific discipline, and they look at their field of work in eyes that are different from people who never studied the discipline. A painter, who usually has studied courses like the principles of colors and the principles of lines, look at every ordinary scene different from ordinary people. To them, what they see is colors and lines only, and to others, apple is apple, woman is woman. Composers are another example. Music to them is a colorful picture consisted of lively notes jumping around the five lines while listeners simply appreciate the melody. It is the academic training of art and music that makes them different. There are still many examples to go. Physics changes our ideas about forces. Astronomy stopped us from considering the earth as the center of the universe, and so on and on. Admittedly, this assertion only works when one really put his heart in studying; one can forget or disagree with what he was taught. Obviously, this such situation, studying an academic discipline does not have visible influence on the way people look at the world. In sum, an academic discipline not only alter our way of perceiving the world, but give us new eyes as well. Academic discplines had changed human society in a great extent and are the source of progress. Nowadays, human perceive the world in ways so much different from stone age, and with the emerging of new academic disciplines, we will go through a deeper change of ways of our looking at the world. What's more, that's why education is important. 177”对学术的研究改变了我们感知世界的方式。在学习这门学科之后,我们看到的世界一如既往,却是不同的视角。 做人们改变他们的方式学习后他们感知世界的一门学科?一些人断言,我们看看samw后世界本身的角度和眼光已然不同学科的研究会。在我看来,我强烈同意这种看法。来支持我的观点,我将展示我们举了好几个例子涉及教育。 首先,我们必须要理解为什么有如此强烈的一门学科的力量能够改变我们的感知的世界。当出生,我们的头脑是简单纯粹。我们看世界的时候,能吸收前所未见的事,被动地将要发生,从而改变我们对世界的理解。我们成长的过程中,年复一年,积累知识不仅学术但大部分都是常识。我们从来不会看水以及某些寒冷和味道也没有任何更多的,但一些由氢和氧组成的,能淹没我们。它是知识,重建我们的大脑,并帮助他们去思考和反应更好的方式。正如我们所知道的,知识就是这样一种东西,我们如何看待世界,如何正确认识它,以及如何理解它。这样的知识,尤其是获得由研究一个学术discpline会明显地让我们到一个更高的水平。 一个很好的例子就是生物学的角度可以改变一个孩子的态度上的动物,像蚂蚁。蚂蚁也许仅仅是小无数生物,黑色移动是很有趣的。他们进入线路和运送食物和他们的下颚和他们可以杀死毛虫。然而,所有这些印象都很肤浅。但情况是不一样的,给孩子读生物书蚂蚁和别的群居昆虫。他们必尊敬这奇妙的社会结构的蚂蚁,这很可能是地球上第二个复杂的社会中,运行后人类的。他们知道他们为什么可以杀死毛虫份额更大尺寸:蚂蚁有足够的毒素在他们的下巴和他们打猎团体,似乎相当的知识分子。像这小孩子的眼睛看着蚂蚁的不同,谁也没看。 任何专家已彻底掌握一个特定的纪律,他们看看他们的工作领域是不同的眼睛里的人,从来没有学过的纪律。一个画家,他通常研究课程,如的原则和基本原则的线条颜色,看看每一个平凡的场景不同于普通百姓。对他们来说,他们所看到的是颜色和线条,给别人,只苹果苹果,女人是女人。作曲家是另一个例子。音乐对他们是一个多彩的幅由活跃的音符跳跃而简单的5条听众欣赏的旋律。它是学术训练的艺术和音乐,使他们不同。 仍有许多例子去。物理变化看法的力量。天文学阻止我们考虑地球是宇宙的中心,等等。 诚然,该论断当一个人真的只有工程专心在学习;人能忘记或不同意他所传授的。很明显,这这种情况下,学习一门学科没有可见的影响人们看世界的方式。 总之,一门学科的方式不仅改变了我们的感知世界,但是给我们新的眼睛。学术discplines已经改变了人类社会在很大程度上的源泉,是进步。如今,人类感知世界的方式在那么多不同的从石器时代,并与新兴的新型学科,我们将会度过一个更深的改变我们的方式看世界。更重要的是,这就是为什么教育是重要的。 152Undoubtedly, making profits should be the first responsibility of corporate executives because the reason of the existence of corporations is to gain profits. However, it does not mean that corporate executives are only responsible for the profits and should by all means maximize the profits even within the law. In the modern business world, the most important aim of corporations is to make money. The stock holders, the investors, the liability owners, the staff, all these people demand that the corporations can provide profits. Corporate executives, as the people to regulate the whole corporations and deal with the invest, producing and sales, should be responsible to these above mentioned people. The first criterion adopted to access the works of corporate executives is the profitable ability of the corporations. A corporate executive who fails to supply profits is likely to lose the job. Therefore, both for the other relevant people and themselves, corporate executives should try their best to raise the corporations' profitable ability. However, to make money is not the only responsibility of corporate executives, who also should be responsible for the society. Because any company is an element of the society and can not remain well-being without a good society and market, corporate executives should take the society into consideration. Even staying within the law, the business of companies may harm the society. For instance, Microsoft Corporation, which almost monopolizes the soft market, does some harms. Even though taking all aspects into consideration Microsoft Corporation is advantageous for the society, it harms the benefits of the other soft providers in the market and the customers who have to purchase the products in a considerably high price which would be lower in a competitive market. Another example is the pollution of some companies to the environment. The present law does not cover every aspect of protecting the environment. In such case, the companies may make profits within the law while legally harm the environment and thus badly influence the lives of all humans. Therefore, corporate executives should take the societal benefits into consideration as one of the responsibilities. Apart from the responsibility to the society, corporate executives still should be responsible for the other aims of the companies such as the companies' profits in long term. For instance, to reduce the incompetent and old staff is an effective to raise the efficiency of the companies and thus the profits. However, the managers can not willingly reduce these people. Besides, for making profits in a long time, companies have to sacrifice the present profits. For example, subscribing some charity can strengthen the reputation of the companies and producing the products of high quality in high costs can extend the customers of the companies. Corporate executives should make proper decisions which are best for rather the companies' whole benefits than the only profits in these cases. In sum, not only should corporate executives be responsible for the maxim profits of the companies within the law, but they should be responsible for the entire society and satisfy the long term development of the companies. TOPIC：ARGUMENT 183 - Many employees of major United States corporations are fearful that they will lose their jobs in the near future, but this fear is largely unfounded. According to a recent study, a majority of companies expected to make new hires in the coming year, while fewer companies expected to lay off employees. In addition, although it is very disturbing to be laid off, the proliferation of programs and of workshops designed to improve job-finding skills has made being laid off far less painful than it once was 毫无疑问,应作为首选营利的企业的管理责任的原因的存在,使得企业获得利润。然而,这并不意味着只负责公司高管的利润,应当尽一切办法最大化的利润甚至在法律范围之内。 在现代商业世界里,最重要的目的是为了赚钱的公司。股票持有人,投资者、业主、员工的责任,这些人要求公司可以提供利润。公司高管,正如人们调节整个公司并处理投资、生产和销售,应负责对这些上面提到的人。第一个标准的作品采用访问公司的行政人员是有利可图的能力的公司。一位公司主管那些未能提供利润可能会失去工作。因此,无论对于其他有关人与自己,公司高管应努力提高公司的盈利能力。 然而,为了让金钱不是公司的经营者们唯一的责任,他们也应该对社会负责。因为任何公司的一个元素,不能保持健康社会没有一个良好的社会与市场、企业经理人应该社会考虑进去。即使呆在合法的范围内,业务的公司可能会危害到社会。比如,微软公司,几乎垄断了柔软的市场,做一些危害。即使把所有方面考虑微软公司来说是有利的,它为社会危害的好处,其他软性服务提供商的市场及顾客是谁来买你的产品,在一个相当高的价格将降低在竞争激烈的市场中。另一个例子是污染对环境的一些公司。目前法律并没有覆盖到所有方面的保护环境。在这样的情况下,公司可以在法律使利润从法律上对环境造成伤害,从而严重影响生活的所有人类。因此,公司的行政人员应该采取的社会效益考虑为一体的责任。 除了对社会的责任,公司高管还应负责其它目的的公司,如这两家公司的利润在长期的。例如,为了减少无能和老员工是一种有效的提高公司的效率,因此利润。然而,管理者不能心甘情愿地减少这些人。此外,以盈利为目的的在相当长的一段时间内,公司必须牺牲当前的利润。例如,订阅一些慈善机构可以加强声誉的公司和生产高品质的产品在高成本能扩大其客户的公司。公司的行政人员应该做出适当的决定是最好的,不愿意这两家公司的整体效益比唯一的利润在这些情况下。 总之,不但要公司行政人员负责公司”这句格言的利润在法律范围之内,但是他们应该负责整个社会的长远发展和满足的公司。 主题:183 -许多雇员的争论主要的美国公司担心,他们将会失去他们的工作,在不久的将来,但这种恐惧很大程度上是毫无根据的。根据一项最近的研究,大多数公司预计使新聘人员在未来一年,当较少的公司将解雇雇员。此外,虽然这很讨厌被人解雇,扩散的车间的项目,并用来改善“成效”;关注那些技能使被裁员比过去少得多的痛苦娃 168 To determine whether only critical judgment from experts has value in a given field, it is necessary to do a case-by-case analysis, as demonstrated is the fields of art and science. Although non-experts are unlikely to give any meaningful and constructive judgment to the content of science itself, their comment and critical judgment are of more value than experts in the application of science. And when it comes to the field of art, in my observation, it is the judgment from ordinary ones rather than several critics’ bears real value that contribute the appreciation of artistic value, due to the nature and goal of art--to provide the overall human beings with aesthetic value. Admittedly, when it comes to the science itself or its content, few of critical judgment from ordinary ones can give any value to a given scientific field. After all, few of us can give constructive judgment on a complicated formulation in mathematics or physics. Except from a handful of experts in that field, others, lacking certain knowledge, can hardly understand the meaning of such things, let along giving any critical judgment of much value. On the other hand, with suitable background in the field, experts can not only give critical judgment to the given scientific research, but also improve the theory or research in turn. When it comes to the judgment of application of science, however, ordinary individuals are more qualified to give comments or critical judgment. After, the chief goal of science is to satisfy the need of overall human beings--that is to say whether the need of human beings, which mainly consist of ordinary ones rather than experts in given field, is satiated act as the ultimate criteria for science. In fact, by leaving such critical judgment of scientific application to a handful experts, who are mainly motivated by their own interests rather the benefit of the whole society, we risk defeating the original goal of science--that is reassurement and illumination. For instance, some technology, whose application would be too controvertible or vague in ethics and mores, such as human cloning, should be banned according to the critical judgment of the mass even when there is only little possibility to success. For, if developing such controvertible technology on the tempering advisement from some experts, who often fail to possess a well-developed sense about the consequence of such scientific application, we are doomed to cope with the birth of a Frankston tomorrow. In short, to ensure the ethic development keeps pace with that of science, we must underscore the importance of critical judgments from the mass. The rationale also applies to the domain of art. Although as a form of self-expression, art need little understanding and critical judgment, either from experts or ordinary people, under most circumstance, the art works can bear their lasting value only by being understood and criticized by ordinary individuals. Consider, for example, a film's value can be judged more accurately by its performance in box-office, which reflects the attitude of ordinary individuals, than comment by a handful of critics. The case is especially evident when taking art works as an artistic abstract of quotidian life--which can only get its value from the repercussion from its audiences or readers. In that matter, art works are doomed to be exposed to the comment and judgment from ordinary ones to gain their value. Consider a successful novel for an example. I will be hardly pressed to list even one distinguished novel, which refutes the comment of ordinary readers. The fact is just opposite, only repercussion by readers, a form of judgment of the novel, can perpetuate the aesthetic valuing of a masterpiece. In final analysis, although in the content of science, non-experts are unlikely to give any meaningful and valuable judgment, in the field of application of science, it is the attitudes of the mass rather than a handful of experts that bear meaningful values guiding the development of science. While in the field of art, the opinions of ordinary people are even more important, for the goal of art is to satiate their aesthetic demand after all. 只有临界判断是否有价值,从专家在一个特定的领域,是非常必要的,具体问题具体分析,就表现出的是该领域的艺术和科学。虽然简化非专业人员不太可能给任何有意义的和建设性的科学判断的内容本身,他们的建议和批评更多的是价值,比专家们在科学技术的应用。当谈到领域的艺术,在我的观察,它是由普通的判断而不是几个批评家的真正价值的贡献的熊的欣赏艺术价值,由于自然及目标提供整体艺术——人类的审美价值。 诚然,当涉及到科学本身或它的内容,却很少有人批评从普通的人可以给任何价值给定的科学研究领域。毕竟,我们中很少有人能给建设性的判断在复杂的制定在数学或物理。除了少数的专家在这一领域,别人,缺乏一定的知识,很难理解的意义,更别提之类的东西给任何的批评很宝贵的。另一方面,与之相适应的背景在田野,专家们不仅能给临界判断给定的科学研究,同时也增强了理论或研究中发问。 当谈到的审判,应用科学的,然而,普通的个人更有资格来发表意见或批评。之后的科学,其主要目的是为了满足人类的需要整体——这就是说是否需要人类,这主要由普通的人,而不是在特定领域的专家担任,酒足饭饱的终极标准的科学。事实上,通过离开这种临界判断的科学应用对一小撮专家,他们主要是出于自身利益的考虑而造福社会,我们击败了最初的目标的风险——这是reassurement科学和照明。比如,一些技术,其应用也会一样。controvertible或模糊的在道德和习俗,如人类克隆应该被禁止,根据批评的质量甚至在他们仅仅成功的可能性很小。因为,如果发展这样controvertible技术对回火的广告从一些专家,他们常常不能拥有一个完整的意识,其结果科学应用,我们注定要应付的诞生Frankston明天。简而言之,以确保伦理发展与时俱进的科学,我们必须强调批判性的判断的重要性,从大众。 的基本原理也适用于该域名的艺术。虽然作为一种自我表达,艺术需要小的理解和批评,要么由专家或平凡的人,在大多数情况下,艺术作品可以担当自己的永恒的价值只有通过被理解和批评,普通个人。考虑一下,例如在一个电影的价值可以判断其性能,可以更精确地反映在票房的态度比普通个人,由一群评论家的评论。此案是尤其明显,当以艺术作品作为一种艺术性的生活——司空见惯的抽象只能得到其值从它的观众和读者们的回响。在那种情况下,艺术作品都是注定要被暴露在普通的评价和判断,以赢得他们的价值。考虑一个成功的小说为榜样。我将没有按列出哪怕一个杰出的小说,驳斥的普通读者评论。相反的,事实上只是被读者,只有商业界的判断的一种形式,也会助长小说的审美评价的杰作。 在最后的分析,尽管在科学、简化非专业人员的内容是不可能给任何有意义、有价值的判断,,在这一领域的应用科学的态度,它是大众而不是少数专家认为熊有意义的价值观指导科学的发展。而在艺术领域里的,普通百姓的意见更重要的是,让你的目标的艺术,是满足他们对审美需求。 161 In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished.Is it possible for anyone either man or woman be regarded as hero in our modern age when we are emerged by information? The speaker argues not, for the reason that the reputation of them who is subjected to media scrutiny will eventually be diminished. Actually, from my point of view, it is not only possible for society to label someone as a hero, but also virtually have created many heroes. Media plays a pretty important role to the generation of heroes.To begin with, it is necessary to make it clear that what does the word HERO really means in modern time. Firstly, in ancient time, heroes are generally considered as someone who protects the security of the country by sacrificing themselves, or those who lead the pretest towards the dictate. However, in contemporary time, besides this kind of hero, those people who have done some significant contribution in some field or have great influence on society would also be regarded as hero. What different is that they are called as idles, which in fact means heroes. Therefore, it is still possible for a society to regard a woman or man as a hero.In our society, with the development of information technology, it is going to be more and more convenient for people to know about public figurers in TV, newspaper, website and so on. Therefore, if people are interested in someone who has deep impression on them, it is naturally for people to regard them as idols, in other words--heroes, and warship them, which make people eager to know more about them from various media methods. For example, people who like playing basketball would admire Air Jordan very much because of his excellent skill showed in NBA. And they will watch TV to enjoy the game as well as Jordan’s performances if there are any competitions. Obviously, Jordan is a hero in the eyes of those basketball fans. While in this process, media does not diminish their reputation, conversely, it enhances their importance to people.Further more, in modern time; many heroes actually are created by media. The most typical examples may in the field of entertainment. There are many \"stats\" in this filed such as movie stat or sing stat. In Hollywood, by producing movies, producers not only make money, but also introduce their actors to the public. If people like the films, those actors may become famous, especially when the film wins The Oscar Award. Similarly, if a singer whose music is popular, the singer would be regarded as idols by people especially by young people. Moreover, when we read newspaper or watch TV, we can see many advertisements which are acted by those famous stats. Therefore, public figurers especially those stats should appreciate the media by which they are known by people and eventually become famous. To sum up, due to the huge influence of the media, more and more heroes will appear. Media is the most convenient way for people to set someone as example so that his or she would become hero in people's mind. 在今天这个媒体铺天盖地的可能,它不再是一个社会把某一女人或男人为英雄。声誉的任何人只要是沦为媒体的审查终将受损。要么是它可能对任何人的男人或女人被视为英雄在我们的现代时期,当我们出现了由信息吗?演讲者认为不会,因为他们是谁的声誉受到媒体审视终将受损。实际上,从我的观点来看,它不仅是社会标签可能某人为英雄,但也无形中创造了很多的英雄。媒体扮演了一个很重要的角色,时代的英雄。首先,它是必要的,以让你清楚地知道什么,这个词的真正含义是现代英雄。首先,在古代,英雄的人常常被认为是保护国家安全,或那些在牺牲他们自己完成对2 - 1领先的想象。然而,在当代,除了这种英雄,那些人也做了一些重大的贡献在某些领域或有较大影响的社会也会被视为英雄。所不同的是,他们被称为idles,实际上意味着英雄。因此,它仍然是可能的,对于一个社会认为一个女人或男人为英雄。在我们的社会,随着信息技术的发展,它将变得越来越方便人们知道关于公共figurers在电视、报纸、网站等等。因此,如果大家都感兴趣的人他们有深刻的印象,自然是人们视其为偶像,换句话说,英雄们,和护卫舰他们,这让人很想了解更多关于他们从各种媒体的方法。 例如,那些喜欢打篮球可以欣赏空气约旦得并不多,因为他优异的技能中所表现的NBA。他们将看电视来享受这款游戏以及约旦的表现是否有任何的比赛。很明显,乔丹是个英雄在他们的眼中的篮球迷。而在这一过程中,媒体并不会抹杀他们的声誉,相反的,这样可以增进他们的重要性的人。此外,在现代时间;许多英雄实际上是由媒体。最典型的例子可以在田野的娱乐方式。有许多\"属性\"在此申请如电影属性或唱的统计。在好莱坞,通过产生的电影,生产者不但使钱,而且还向公众介绍他们的演员。如果人们喜欢电影,那些演员可能变得出名的,尤其是当这部电影赢得了奥斯卡奖。同样地,如果一个歌手唱的音乐是流行,将被视为偶像歌手被人们尤其是年轻人。此外,当我们阅读报纸或看电视,我们可以看到许多广告,饰以那些著名的状态。为此,公共figurers特别是属性应该感激媒体受它为人们所认识的,后来成为著名的。综上所述,由于产生的巨大影响,越来越多的媒体英雄将会出现。媒体是最方便的方式为人们将某人为例,以使他的或她成为人们心中的英雄。 29 Public figures have never received so great attentions from the public as today. Besides their public lives as actors, politicians and athletes, their private lives also fill out magazines, newspapers, TV programs, radio talks and everyday chats of the public. This has obviously gone out of the portion what public figures are ready to present before the masses. , since they seek a public role, they will have to sacrifice at least some of their privacy. Though they are taking the public appearance most for job, public figures such as actors, politicians and athletes can hardly count on people to separate clearly their public role from private lives, as is even impossible to themselves. A politician who is not so sincere in his private life as he assumes to be before the public will certainly be dismissed as unbelievable. Actors, on the other hand, have to utilize their expirience gained from life to fulfil their roles. Almost the same for athletes, who are the symbol for good physical condition as well as high spirit and cooperate, is that they couldn’t sustain their brlliant figure if they fail to live a decent private life as well. From the perspective of the public, they will certainly expect public figures to maintain the merits showed in their public roles. Ironically, though some public figures do feel uneasy with the buzzing paparazzi, or loathe the unsatisfiable interest into their personal lives, most of them have to concede that they cannot live without these troubles. To some extent, the more attention someone can draw from the populace, the more successful he/she will be. Doubtlessly someone who can no longer win the notice of the public both to his/her work and his/her private lives is out-of-date. On the contrary, when trifles such as adoption of a kitty can be the hot issues on magazines or newspapers, the public figure is obviously deeply loved by his/her buffs. Admittedly sometimes things go worse when something not very decent of private life is revealed, however, they become controversiesl followed by public notice and fame. There are examples that some newly-emerged actors or those nearly going out of the eyesight of the public deliberately divulged details of their private life so as to attract notice. Anyway, a public figure is all the same to everyone of us physically and mentally, no matter how significant a role he/she plays in public life. Therefore they have no less right over privacy than any ordinary person. Though as public figures they have the responsibility to maintain their stature, they have the right to keep something personal to him/herself. More or less they have to sacrifice part of privacy for their jobs, but when their rights are violated, legal tools should be employed on their behalf. On the other way, a healthier trend should be set up so as to conduct the public to concentrate more on the public life of them, rather than to get satisfaction from prating mere private lifes such as love affairs, scandles or so on. Public figures are not only lived in screens or on papers. Thus they should prepare themselves for the possible losing of some of their privacy. However, if they can keep their pravite life decent while the public learn to pay more reverence, a balance can be achieved, which benefits both. 公众人物从来没有收到过这么大的关注从公众在今天。除了他们的公共生活中,如演员、政治家和运动员,他们的私人生活也填好杂志、报纸、电视、广播谈和日常聊天公众舆论的。这无疑都被淘汰出部分公众人物准备什么礼物,因为之前群众。他们决定成为公众角色时,他们将不得不牺牲至少有一些自己的隐私。 虽然他们是骑在公众场合露面的公众人物大多数为了工作,例如演员、政治家和运动员几乎不能指望人们清楚他们的公众角色单独从私人生活,甚至不可能对他们自己做的。一个政治家并非如此真诚的在他的私人生活,因为他认为自己是在公众面前肯定会被视为令人难以置信的。演员,另一方面,利用他们的expirience时所获得的生命来充分发挥他们的作用。几乎同样的对运动员的符号良好的身体条件以及高精神和合作,是他们不能维持他们的brlliant图如果它们不能过一种体面的私人生活。从这一视角的公众,他们肯定会期待公众人物的优点来维持他们的公共角色中所表现的一样。 具有讽刺意味的是,尽管一些公众人物确实感觉不安,因为狗仔队追踪,或是恨嗡嗡作响的unsatisfiable兴趣变成他们的个人生活,他们中的大多数人不得不承认他们的生活离不开这些麻烦。在某种程度上,多注意对方能吸取的群众,他/她将会取得更大的成功。毫无疑问的人不再能赢得公众的注意都到他/她的工作和他/她的私生活是过时了。相反,当琐事,如采用一个小猫可以关注的热点问题,在杂志或报纸的各界人士显然是深爱着他/她的魔法效果。诚然有时事情去当事情不太得体更糟的私人生活被显露,然而,他们成为controversiesl紧随其后的是公众的注意和名声。有例子,一些新兴的演员或视力几乎出来的时候故意泄露的公众对其私人生活细节来吸引更多的注意。 无论如何,一个公众人物都是一样的,我们每一个人的身体上和精神上的,不管多么重要角色他/她是在公共生活。因此,他们没有少就在隐私比任何普通的人。虽然作为公众人物,他们有责任来维护他们的身材,他们有权保持秘密的事要他/她自己。或多或少,他们必须牺牲一部分隐私对其工作,但当他们的权利受到侵犯时,法律工具应使用代表他们。在另一方面,一个更健康的趋势应该建立以开展公众更多关注公共生活的他们,而不是得到的满足感就是他用恶言纯粹的私人生活,诸如爱情事务,丑闻作任何评价或等等。 公众人物不仅是住在屏幕或在纸上。因此他们应该准备一些可能失去他们的隐私。然而,如果他们能把他们自己的私人空间的生活,而公共学会像样的崇敬,支付更多的可以达到一个平衡,有利于。 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容