JOURNALOFCHENGDEVOCATIONAL&TECHNICALCOLLEGEFORNATIONALITIESNO.1.2004
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浅谈虚拟语气
● 承德民族职业技术学院 孙世贤
摘 要:虚拟语气是英语教学中的一个难点,掌握虚拟语气对学好英语有很大帮助。在此,笔者着重介绍了虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法。
关键词:虚拟语气
中图分类号:G633 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-0894(2004)01-018-03
Abstract:SubjunctiveMoodisadifficultpointinEnglishteachingandstudying.TomastersubjunctivemoodisveryhelpfulforEnglishstudy.Here,thewritermainlyintroducestheusageofsubjunctivemoodinallkindsofpatterns.
Keywords:subjunctivemood
语
气(mood)是一种动词形式,表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。英语学习者,应该对语气加以了解,以便更好地了解作者的意图,文章的内容。这样会对学好英语有很大帮助。英语语气可分为三种:
A.陈述语气(indicativemood)——表示说话人认为他所说的话是一个事实。例如:
Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.B.祈使语气(imperativemood)——表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。例如:
Makeyourselfathome.Don’tmove.
C.虚拟语气(subjunctivemood)——是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话不是客观存在的事实,而是一种愿望、假设、猜测或建议。例如:IfIwerenottoobusy,Iwouldgowithyou.下面笔者着重介绍虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法:1.虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法1)与现在事实相反:其谓语动词结构为条件状语从句
if+主语+动词过去式(be动词用were)
主句
主语+would(should…)+动词原形
例如:IfIwereyou,Ishouldstayathome.
Iftheyhadtime,theywouldstudyItalian,too.2)与过去事实相反:其谓语动词结构为
条件状语从句
If+主语+had+动词过去分词
主句
主语+would(should…)+have+动词过去分词
例如:Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.
3)与将来事实可能相反:其谓语动词结构为
条件状语从句
If+主语+动词过去式(be动词用were) If+主语+wereto+动词原形 If+主语+should+动词原形
主句
主语+would(should…)+动词原形
例如:Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeet2
ing.
Ifitweretoraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.
Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.
4)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。
例如:Ifyouhadfollowedtheteacher’sadvice,youwouldbequiteallrightnow.(此句中,从句说的是过去,主
)句则指现在。
5)条件状语从句有时省略if,则把were,had,should移到主语之前,即倒装句式 “were(had,should)+主语”
例如:WereIinschoolagain,Iwouldworkharder.
Hadyoubeenhereearlier,youwouldhaveseenhim.
Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome.
2.虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法1)虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法
在主语从句中,谓语动词的虚拟结构为“(should)+动词原形”,表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜等。虚拟语气常用在下列三种主语从句中。 a.Itis+adj.(necessary,important,natural,strange,etc.)+that+主语+(should)+动词原形
例如:Itisnecessarythatwe(should)cleantheroomeveryday.
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承德民族职业技术学院学报 2004年第1期
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gotoBeijingforsightseeing.
3.虚拟语气在以asif(asthough)引导的表语从句或状
b.Itwas+n(apity,ashame,nowonder,etc.)+that+主
语+(should)+动词原形
例如:Ifwasapitythatyou(should)besocareless.c.Itwillbe+p.p.(过去分词)(desired,suggested,decid2
ed,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)+that+主语+(should)+动词原形
语从句中的用法:
a.如果从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用过去式(be动词用wewe)
例如:Helookedatmeasif(though)Iweremad.“had+b.如果从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用过去分词”
例如:HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasif(though)he
hadstudiedEnglishinEngland.
c.如果从句表示与将来事实可能相反,谓语动词用
例如:Itwillbedesiredthatshe(should)finishher
homeworkthisafternoon.
注意:1)三种主语从句中,should可以省略,但不可换
用would.
2)这种从句表示的是事实,如果说话人对这种事实表示惊奇,就可以用虚拟语气。反之,从句可用陈述语气。
例如:Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.
Itisapitythatyoucan’tswim.2)虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法
a.在动词order,demand,desire,command,request,re2quire,propose,suggest,advise,insist等后面的宾语从句中,
“Would(might,could)+动词原形”
例如:Itlooksasif(though)itmightrain.
注意:asif(asthough)引导的从句也常用陈述语气,这是因为从句中的情况往往是可能发生的或可能被设想为真实的。例如:Itlooksas(though)oursideisgoingtowin.4.虚拟语气在“Itis(high)timethat…”句型中,从句中的谓语动词用过去式(be动词用wewe)或“should+动词原(should不能省略)来表示,意为形”“(现在)该……”
例如:Itistimethatwewenttoschool.
.Itishightimethatweshouldgotoschool5.虚拟语气在“句型中的用法,从句中wouldrather…”
虚拟结构为:“(should)+动词原形”
例如:Isuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Heinsistedthatshe(should)givehimhismoney
back.注意:1)suggest当“建议”讲时,宾语从句谓语动词用
虚拟语气。“暗示,表明”讲时,宾语从句用陈述语气。suggest当
例如:Hispalefacesuggeststhatheisill.2)insist当“坚持(应该)”讲时,宾语从句用虚拟
语气。
“力言,强调”讲时,宾语从句用陈述语Insist当气。
例如:Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.
表示不能实现的愿望,“可惜b.“wish+宾语从句”……”,“但愿……”,……就好了”
a)表示现在不能实现的愿望,宾语从句的谓语动词用
的谓语动词用过去式(表示现在或将来):用过去完成式表示过去。
例如:I’dratheryoupaidmenow.(指现在)
I’drathertheycametomorrow.(指将来)
I’drathershehadn’tdonethat.(指过去)6.虚拟语气在“Ifonly”引导的感叹句中的用法,表示
“要是……多好!”
例如:IfonlyIwereabird!
Ifonlyhehadtakenmyadvece!IfonlyIcouldhelpyou!
7.虚拟语气在“Ifitwerenotfor…”句型中的用法,表
过去式。
例如:Iwishwewenttotheseasidetoday.
“had+动词b)表示过去不能实现的愿望,宾语从句用过去分词”或“could(would…)+have+动词过去分词”
例如:Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.
“c)表示将来可能不能实现的愿望,宾语从句用would
(could…)+动词原形”
示“如果没有……”
例如:Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropswoulddie.
(表示与现在事实相反)
Ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.(表示与过去事实相反)8.虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
a.表示说话人谦虚,客气,有礼貌,使语气委婉,常用在
例如:HewishesIwouldgowithhim.
3)虚拟语气在表语从句和同谓语从句中的用法作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,news,fact,propos2
al,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同谓语从句,其
日常会话中。
例如:Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoo
late.
Wouldyoubekindenoughtohelpme?b.用于一些习惯表达法中。
谓语动词用虚拟语气,其结构为“(should)+动词原形”
例如:Myideaisthathe(should)doexercisesfirst
Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)
例如:Wouldyoulikeacupoftea?
You’dbettergonow.
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承德民族职业技术学院学报 2004年第1期
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ACryingIntheDark
沈阳工业学院 马 英●
承德民族职业技术学院 孟志红
Abstract:“Midnight”isapoemwrittenbyArchibald・Lampman,aCanadianpoet,wholovednaturevery
much,buthispoorhealthpreventshimfrombeingveryactiveintheoutdoorlife.Soheisoftenthequite,thoughtfulobserverofnatureinhispoems.Thisarticlemainlytalksabouthowtoappreciatethepoeminthefol2lowingaspects:wordselecting,rhyme,sentencestructureandatmosphere.Afterreadingthispoem,wecannotgetridoftheairofhorrorandmystery.“Midnight”revealsanotheraspectofthenature:wild,roughandunknown.Thereissomethingelseinthenaturethatcanawehumanbeingseventhoughwedon’tknowwhatitis.
Keywords:Midnight;Archibald・Lampman;crying;rhyme中图分类号:I106 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1009-0894(2004)01-020-03
Archibald.Lampman(1861-1899),thewriterof“,wasborninMorpeth,OntatioCanada.Unfor2Midnight”
tunately,hehadbeenoutofconditionsincechildhood.Hispoorhealthpreventedhimfrombeingveryactiveintheoutdoorlife.Buthelovednatureverymuch.Soasanaturepoet,hisearlypoems,mostlyaboutthewoods,streams,theseasonsandtheweather,arevividpaintingsaboutnature.Itisthoughtthathispoemsareobjective,picturizedlikeapainting.Oftenheisthequiet,thoughtfulobserverofna2tureinhispoems.Wecansensethisinthepoem
Thewholepoemconsistsoffivestanzas,andtherearefourlinesineachstanza.Fromthefirsttwostanzas,weknowthatonacoldwintermidnight(weinferthisfrom),“I”sit“chilly,frozen,snowdrifts,andembers”thewords
.It’somewhereintheroomtoseethestarssdarkandrathercole.Themoonsendsoutaweak,uncertainlightbe2tweenthecoldbarsdownthecoldfloor.Themoonlightiswhite,notbreght.Outsidetheroom,snowdrifts2bankofsnowheapedupbythewind2lieinmanysmallpeakedhills,gleamingnowandthen.“Thereisnovoiceorliveingsound.”Allthecreaturesmaybesoundasleep.Andintheroom,thefireisputtingoutgradually,onlyashesofthedyingfireleft.
Afterwehavereadthefirsttwostanzas,itseemsthatacoloredstillpictureappearsbeforeus.Therearethedarksky,thedimmoonlight,theclearstars,thefrozenbars,thechillyfloor,whitesnowdrifts,manyapeakedmound,thedyingfireandalonelyobserverinthepicture.Wecanfeel
“.Now,let’Midnight”stakealookatit.
Thetitle“Midnight”tellsusthetime:that’s12o’clockatnight.Usuallyatthattime,it’sdark,quietandpeoplesleepsoundly.Butonthatcoldwintermidnight,
“I”,thespeakerofthepoem,satsomewhereintheroomto“I”seethestarsandheardawildcryinginthedarkwhich
.“Thespeakerishauntedbyadidn’tknowwhatitwassenseofnamelesswrongassociatedwiththeharsheras2pectsofnature.”
c.用于“中,表示“祝愿,但愿”May+动词原形” 例如:Mayyoubehappy!
Mayyousucceed!
9.有时虚拟语气用在介词短语中
例如:Withoutcontradictionnothingwouldexist.
(Ifthereisnocontradiction,nothingwouldex2ist.)
Withoutyourhelpwecouldnothavedonethe
.workwell
(Ifyouhadnothelpedus,wecouldnothave
donetheworkwell)
总之,虚拟语气在英语学习中十分重要,只有透彻理解,方能更好地理解英语这种语言,从而学好英语。
收稿日期:2003-11-28
作者简介:孙世贤(1964-),女,讲师。
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