Some people think he is a topping emperor
In Chinese history，Qin shi huang is the first emperor who has rare gifts and bold strategy.He united the six countries，making China become the largest empire in the world.only a few people can be compared with him in Chinese emperors about his great achievements.
Some people consider him as a brutal emperor“Fen Shu Keng Ru”destroyed many classic books and kill many Confucian scholars.He built luxurious E Pang Gong and Li Shan Tomb.What's more，for the sake of medicine against death，he sent thousands of people to East Sea，which deepened the people's misery.
简答题、论述题
Unit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanity
1.What does filial＂piety”mean accordimg to Confucius孔子认为孝 是什么意思？How do you understand你是怎么理解的？
Confucius regarded\"filial piety and fraternal dutyas the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong)quotes Confucius as saving. The greatest love for people is the love of its parents孔子把“孝与兄弟的责任”视为仁的本质。中庸援引孔子的话：“人
最伟大的爱是父母的爱I think filial piety is the basis of being a man, and parents are the most important people in the world. Our life is given by our parents, and we should always be grateful to our parents 我认为孝顺是成为人的基础，父母是世界上最重要的人。我们的 生命是由父母给予的，我们应该永远感激我们的父母。 2.What is emphasized in the Confucian philosophy of“life”Please illustrate it with an exam。儒家“生命”哲学强调什么？请举例说
In the Confucian philosophy of life\ all living things are emphasized。在儒家的“生命”哲学中，强调对一切生命的热爱和善待。
3.What s the meaning of“ren”（仁）（ benevolence） according
Confucius（根据孔子，“仁”是什么意思？）？
Confucius interpreted ren as\"love of people, which begins with the love for ones parents。孔子把仁解释为“对人民的爱”，从“爱父母”开始。
4. According to Confucius, what qualities are persons of virtue supposed to have根据孔子的说法，“品德人”应该具备什么素质？
“persons of virtue”should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such persons should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the six arts as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important。 “品德人”要有健全的人格和清醒的头脑，这样的人才能承担起 重要的社会责任，为社会做出贡献。他认为崇高的理想，伟大的美德 对人民的热爱，和“六艺”作为教育的基本原则。其中，美德是最重 要的。
5.Why does our Kongzi become Confucius in the west?
Confucius is a Latinized name bestowed upon Kongzi by Jesuit missionaries in the 18th century, which is a critical time when missionaries introduced Chinese culture to the West。 6.What is Confucius view on Heaven according to these lines?
Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all1 iving things（天何言？四时行焉，百物兰焉，天何言哉？）．＂ー Selected from The Analects
Confucius regarded Heaven\" as nature-confucius believes that nature is not a lifeless mechanism separate from human; instead, it is a great world full of life and the process of creating life. Human is part of nature。 7.How is Confucian concept of Heaven related to the modern ecological civilization?
Confucius regarded Heaven'as nature and the source of life, and required people to hold Heaven in awe. This is the source of the modern ecological civilization.Ren (仁)and li（礼)are the two core concepts of
Confucius doctrine about people.
8. Why do people need to study music according to Confucius? According to Confucius, studying music can lift ones spirit and help one appreciate beauty
9.What did Confucius think of Zeng Dian's(曾点)aspiration?
Confucius thought highly of Zeng Dian's aspiration and regarded harmony among people and harmony between people and nature as the highest state of life.
Unit 2 Laozi's philosophy of non-action
1.How do vou understand“ the great virtue is like wate你是怎么理解上善若水的
Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing\". To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward As the source of life water nourishes all living things on Earth。水善万物而不争。”在老子看来，人往高处走，水往低处流。人情受欲望驱动，好高而恶下，而水却永远往下流淌。水是生命之源，可以滋润万物，给大地带来生命
2.Why is Li Ran known as Laozi rather than Lizi?
There are two explanations as to the source of Laozi\". Some say during the period when Li Ran was alive, Lao and Li were pronounced in the same way. So Laozi\"actually sounded the same as Lizi\" at that time. The second legend is that Li Ran was born with white eyebrow and white beard like an old man.Thus he was called Laozi.
3.（ Dao or the Way） acts through non－ action（无为而无不为）．-Selected from Laozi How do you understand this line?
By saying(Dao or the Way acts through non action\".Laozi did not mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be
achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity.What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on any attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature.Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.
4.Great ingenuity appears to be stupidity（大智若愚）．＂Selected from Laozi。 How do you understand this line?
Great ingenuity refers to the highest level of ingenuity, arising so naturally that it does not resemble ingenuity at all Ingenuity can be achieved through human effort, but great ingenuity\"is superior to ordinary ingenuity.
5.How do you understand Laozi's newborn baby\"state?
The state of the newborn is free of any knowledge, desire, impurity or falsehood.When human beings come into the world, the gradually acquire external knowledge and accept social norms. As humans mature, they become more and more hypocritical. The process of acculturation is the process of losing one's true self.
Unit 7 The Silk Road
1.what does the Silk Road refer to？
The Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, Southern Silk Road on the land and the Silk Road on the sea.
2.why sent 张骞zhangqian?
Zhang Qian was sent to make an alliance with the Huns，which was never successful. He did however learn about crops such as grapes, a more powerful horse for combat, and established trade relationships.
3.what did The Silk Road function in the past?
Trade route；a bridge that linked Ancient China to the outside world.
Unit 8 Openness of the Great Tang
1.it is not a pleasure to meet friends from afar?
Confucius attitude shows that the Chinese have always highly respected friends from a long way off and aspired to learn from them.
2.why there are such an open attitude toward other nationalities in the tang dynasty?
There are two reasons Frist the Silk Road began in the Han Dynasty the Chinese and the Western economic and cultural exchanges greatly enhanced and reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. 始于汉代的丝绸之路使中国与西方的经济、文化交流大大加强，在唐代时达到鼎盛。Second the Analects( Lunyu )begins with the Confucian edict: is it not a pleasure to meet friends from afar？（有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎？）
Unit 9 Zheng He's voyages to the western Seas
1.Advanced Navigation Civilization
Compared with these explorers, Zheng He's voyages took place much
earlier and on a much larger scale. His fleet s were unparalleled during his time in terms of size, navigation technology, organization and amentities, in order to be capable ofmaking those successful long trips.Zheng He's ships were also constructed with advanced technology and craft. A large-size ship in the fleet was 1 50 meters long, 60 meters and 12 meters deep. It had a cargo capacity of about 1, 000 tons, with four levels to house more than 1,000 crew and passengers. The foredeck had an area of 9, 000 square meters, equal to the size of half a foot ball field. The ship hiad nine masts with 12 sails. Its iron rudder needed more than 200 people to lift. The large ships f Zheng Hels fleet would still look extraordinary even today.
2.the purpose of zhenghe’s voyages?
Publicize the national prestige(Political),to show off the prosperity of the ming dynasty;to put practice his ideals of making friends with and spreading peace to other countries near and far;Strengthen diplomatic ties with overseas countries;evelopment overseas trade, exchange for overseas treasures (economic);Spreading Chinese culture,enlightenment alien (military);Search for missing where the emperor. 3.the purpose of columbus哥伦布’s voyages?
Looking for gold;eastern europe was in need of trade;Rob land and so on.
Unit 18 Peking Opera
1. What skills do Beijing Opera actors need to have? Acting, talking, singing, music, dancing and acrobatics 2. Where was Beijing Opera performed at the beginning?
On open-air stages in markets, streets teahouses or outside temples. 3. Why does it have very loud music and a piercing singing style? Because they wanted to be heard by the crowd
4. Why do performers wear brightly coloured costumes?
Because with bright color, their costumes are more impressed and the crowd can see them more clearly. 5.What is a play in the Chinese context?
In Peking Opera, a play\"is not so much the story or plot but a world of images created onstage,wonderful arena of harmony between sentiments and settings.
6.How do you understand Mei Lanfang's remark that the feature of the art of Peking Opera is “actors being at the center”?
“The play”or “world of images”created by Peking Opera naturally relies on the plot provided by the script, and more importantly on the performance of the actors. However, to form a “world of images”in Peking Opera, the plot of a story provides only the framework and background, while the charm is produced by the actors’ performances. Peking Opera actors are the crux () in creating a world of images onstage. 7.What are the four basic aspects of the performance of a Peking Opera
actor?
The performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting the core of which is a combination of song and choreography. 8.What does its virtuality consist of?
Its virtuality consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings.
9.How do you understand the popular saying watching a play is watching famous actors?
Viewers of Peking Opera go to the theater with the purpose of not only seeing “a play”,but more of watching the “performance”, since they know the “play”(or stage imagery)is to be “acted out” and the significance of the “play” is located in the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of the performers.
Unit 22 Culinary Delights in China
Unit 24 Martial arts and Cuju
1.Taiji\"(the Supreme Ultimate)is a Chinese philosophical term. Do you know which book attributes to the origin of the Eight Trigrams( 八卦）？ Who has written the book Explanation of the Taiji Diagram（ Taiji Tushuo）（太极图说）？How does he regard Taii?
The Book of Changes (Yijing )attributes the origin of the Eight Trigrams. Explanation of the Tail Diagram(Taiji Tushuo), written by Northern Song philosopher Zhou Dunyi, regards taiji as the ource of all things on Earth. 2.Why people prefer to practice it in the early morning?
Shadow boxing is a combination of the interior and the exterior, and people practice it to improve physical health and to achieve
evenness in breathing and calmness in mind.When practicing shadow boxing, one needs to pay particular attention to breathing air out
through the mouth when making outward movements and inhaling fresh air through the nose when making inward movements, so as
to keep fresh energy in the body. This is why people prefer to practice it in the early morning.
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