SAT作文例子总结

SAT作文例子总结

SAT作文例子总结Great Souls Ø Nelson Mandela

Mandela, the South African black political leader and former president, was awarded 1993 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to

antiracism and antiapartheid. Nelson Mandela is one of the great moral and political leaders of our time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. Since his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of

imprisonment, Mandela has been at the centre of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. (138)

Ø Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer of the resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, firmly founded upon total non-violence—which led India to independence and has inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. He is officially honored in India as the Father of the Nation. After assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns to ease poverty, expand women's rights, build religious and ethnic amity, and increase economic self-reliance. Above all, he aimed to achieve the independence of India from foreign domination. Later he campaigned against the British to Quit India. Gandhi spent a number of years in jail in both South Africa and India. (128)

Additionally, Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements. Leaders of the civil rights movement in the United States, including Martin Luther King and James Lawson, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about non-violence. Anti-apartheid activist and former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, was inspired by Gandhi. Prior to becoming President of the United States, then-Senator Barack Obama noted that: Throughout my life, I have

always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration, because he embodies the kind of transformational change that can be made when ordinary people come together to do extraordinary things. That is why his portrait hangs in my Senate office: to remind me that real results will come not just from Washington – they will come from the people. (129)

Ø Martin Luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil right movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today. King led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his \"I Have a Dream\" speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective. In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986. (192)

Ø Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun with Indian

citizenship who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India in 1950. For over 45 years she ministered to the poor, sick, orphaned, and dying, while guiding the Missionaries of Charity‘s expansion. Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity continued to expand, and at the time of her death it was operating 610 missions in 123 countries, including hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, children's and family counseling programs, and schools. By the 1970s she was internationally famed as a humanitarian and advocated for the poor and helpless. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna in 1980 for her humanitarian work. (122)

Ø Susan B. Anthony Although I am not a feminist, I admire Susan B. Anthony for her daring to hold on to her view even being mocked cruelly by her contemporaries.

A tireless civil rights worker, Anthony devoted her life to the work which has guaranteed women’s basic right, including suffrage and equal

protections under law. She believed that men and women are created equal and persevered unremittingly in opening doors and expanding acceptable modes of behavior for women. In the patriarchy society of her time, people considered her unladylike and ridiculous. However, 19th Amendment to the Constitution gives women’s rights to vote, which established Susan B. Anthony as a bold revolutionary feminist in history. (111)

Ø Margaret Sanger

Margaret Sanger sparked the birth control movement with the

publication of The Woman Rebel, in which she encourages women to view conception as a choice rather than an obligation. In 1923, her tireless efforts resulted in the establishment of America's first legal birth control clinic, which served as a contraceptive dispensary and research facility under the auspices of the American Birth Control League (one of the groups that eventually morphed into Planned Parenthood). The birth control movement has had far-reaching, worldwide implications, from women's rights to population control to the sexual revolution. (92)

Bright Minds Ø Newton Newton’s aim at Cambridge was a law degree. Instruction at Cambridge was dominated by the philosophy of Aristotle but some freedom of study was allowed in the third year of the course. Newton had a golden opportunity to study an abundance of great minds: the philosophy of Descartes, Gassendi, Hobbes, and in particular Boyle. The mechanics of the Copernican astronomy of Galileo attracted him and he also studied Kepler’s Optics. It is a fascinating account of how Newton’s ideas were formed. He collected all these thoughts and developed his own system by which he successfully explained a wide range of previously unrelated phenomena: the eccentric orbits of comets, the procession of the Earth’s axis, and motion of the Moon as perturbed by the gravity of the Sun, as well as the three laws of motion that made him an international leader in scientific research and the greatest pilot in human’s civilization. (157)

Ø Darwin’s Origin of Species

The theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history. Hundreds of years ago, people were confused with the complexity of different species of the world, and believed that species

were created by the mysterious God. However, Darwin did not believe so. After several years' study, he eventually demonstrated that species, however complex seemingly, all evolved by natural selection from simple and preliminary conditions. When Darwin published his famous research results on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, the book encountered lots of controversies. Members of the religious community, as well as some scientific peers, were outraged and protested. However, Darwin's idea of evolution eventually defeated the traditional belief and was accepted and acknowledged by some insightful scientists and finally by the society. It is now reverenced as one of the greatest intellectual revolutions of human history. (144)

Ø Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the universe and the earth revolved around it. Disturbed by the failure of Ptolemy's geocentric model of the universe to follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of all celestial bodies, Copernicus decided that he could achieve his goal only through a heliocentric model. He thereby created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct relationship to the size of their orbits. At the time Copernicus's heliocentric idea was very controversial; nevertheless, it was the start of a change in the way the world was viewed, and Copernicus came to be seen as the initiator of the Scientific Revolution. (129)

Ø Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism. Galileo's observations about four satellites of Jupiter with his new telescope convinced him of the truth of Copernicus's sun-centered or heliocentric theory. Galileo has been called the \"father of modern observational astronomy,\" the \"father of modern physics,\" and \"the Father of Modern Science.\" Stephen Hawking says, \"Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.\" (96)

Ø Christopher Columbus

In 1485, Columbus presented his plans to John II, King of Portugal. He requested he be made \"Great Admiral of the Ocean\appointed governor

of any and all lands he discovered, and given one-tenth of all revenue from those lands. The king submitted the proposal to his experts and rejected it. In 1488 Columbus appealed to the court of Portugal once again, and once again it also proved unsuccessful. Then, Columbus travelled from Portugal to both Genoa and Venice, but he received encouragement from neither. In1486, Columbus presented his plans to Queen Isabella. After the passing of much time, these savants of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, pronounced the idea impractical, and advised their Royal Highnesses to pass on the proposed venture. But after endless attempts at establishing a settlement of Hispanism, Catholic Monarchs finally gave him an annual allowance of 12,000 maravedis and furnished him with a letter ordering all cities and towns under their domain to provide him food and lodging with which Columbus successfully initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indigenous Americans and carved out the cross-continental trade market. (183)

Ø John Nash Before 1950, Adam Smith was respected as “the father of Game Theory”, he wrote a famous book named The Wealth of Nations and demonstrated “perfect competition” which was commonly accepted by people. There is a sentence from the book “Individual ambition serious the common good” which means when each individual pursue his own interests, the benefits of the group will be improved most effectively. However, John Nash, a normal mathematician in Princeton University, created a theory “Nash Equilibrium” which laid the foundation of Game Theory in 1950. He doubted the statement from Adam Smith, and he succeeded. John Nash wrote a 28 pages dissertation to argue a new theory. Due to the fact that personal benefits conflict each other, the interest of a group will be harmed. To ensure the interests of whole group, individuals should find equilibrium between the personal and group interests. Consequently, John Nash received the Nobel Prize in economics and fundamentally reformed the arena of economics. (160)

Ø Alfred Bernhard Nobel-1

Alfred Bernhard Nobel was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. To be able to detonate the dynamite rods he also invented a detonator which could be ignited by lighting a fuse. The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skillful entrepreneur and businessman. He later produced ballistite, one

of the first smokeless powders. At the time of his death, his will provide his enormous fortune of the major portion of $9 million estate to institute the Nobel Prize, a yearly prize for merit in physics, chemistry, medicine and physiology, literature, and world peace. The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. (119)

Ø Thomas Edison

In 19th century, people could only get light from candles, but it suffered from several disadvantages, including exorbitantly high price and in adequate lightness. Thomas Edison, one of the most prominent inventors in the 20th century, overcame 1500 failure and suitable filament for electric light bulb which were affordable for all people to buy and use. He tried numerous materials such as iron, copper, aluminum, silver, hair, even his colleague’s brown beard, but he fails all times.

Nevertheless he did not give up and dedicated himself in finding the best material. The belief held by him was that “we will make the electricity so cheap that only the rich will burn candles.” He had the first

successful experiment in 1879, finding that carbon filament can last over 40 hours, but he and his team were not satisfied for that. Through hundreds of tough trying, they finally found carbonized bamboo filament which could last over 1200 hours. Furthermore, the light bulbs invented by Edison with the most suitable filament have not only lighted up the world, but influenced people’s lives all over the world until now. (185)

Ø The Wright Brothers The Wright brothers, credited with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane. But equally important is that they have walked a long way and endured numerous failures hardships and frustrations before the final success.

1900 Glider In the first tests, the glider flew as a kite not far above the ground with men below holding tether ropes. Most of the kite tests were unpiloted with sandbags or chains (and even a local boy) as onboard ballast. Although the glider's lift was less than expected, the brothers were encouraged because the craft's front elevator worked well and they had no accidents. However, the small number of free glides meant they were not able to give wing-warping a true test.

1901 Glider

Hoping to improve lift, they built the 1901 glider with a much larger wing area and made 50 to 100 flights. The glider, however, delivered

another disappointment. It produced only about one-third the lift calculated and sometimes failed to respond properly to wing-warping. Back home, putting aside the three-wheel bicycle, they built a tunnel. The devices allowed the brothers to balance lift against drag and accurately calculate the performance of each wing.

1902 Glider and final success

The Wrights designed their 1902 glider, using another crucial discovery from the wind tunnel while they made the airfoil flatter. The improved wing design enabled consistently longer glides. With their new method the Wrights achieved true control in turns for the first time in 1902, a major milestone. On March 23, 1903, the Wrights applied for their famous patent for a \"Flying Machine\glider. They asserted that perfection of the 1902 glider essentially represents invention of the airplane. (280)

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