1 Modernism(现代主义)
Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century、
2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case、
3> the term pertains to all the creative arts、 Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture、
现代主义就是全面但运动模糊的术语,在19世纪末期开始,在国际上有广泛影响的在20世纪的大部分时间。2 >现代主义以非理性哲学与精神分析理论为其理论的情况。3 >这个词属于所有的创造性艺术。特别就是诗歌、小说、戏剧、绘画、音乐与建筑。
2 Transcendentalism(超验主义) Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in new England from about 1836 to 1860、 it is the summit of American Romanticism、 it originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world、 Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as
Coleridge and Wordsworth、 Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings、 Although Transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that were generally shared by its adherents、 The beliefs that God is immanent in each person and in nature and that individual intuition is the highest source of knowledge led to an optimistic emphasis on individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority、 The ideas of Transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature, and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden、
超验主义就是从1836至1860于新英格兰发起的一场文学,哲学以及艺术运动。即浪漫主义的顶点。由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派与唯一神论教派理性的形式主义,她们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念。超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治与沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定程度上受到东方古典哲学与宗教的影响。尽管超验主义思想并不能算就是严格意义上的哲学, 但就是它还就是有一些基本原则的。超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性,只有通过接触自然才能使神性与人的天性相互融合。从而超验主义十分强调个人主义,自立,拒绝传统权威思想。超验主义思想在爱默生的<论自然> 与梭罗的<瓦尔登湖>等书中表现得淋漓尽致
3 American Naturalism(美国自然主义文学)
The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpretation of Darwin‘s evolutionary theory and used it to accout for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and
economic forces、
2) naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic、 It is no more than a gloomy philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence、3>Dreiser is a leading figure of his school、美国自然主义者接受了达尔文的进化理论的负面解读,用它来解释行为的那些被认为就是文学作品中的人物或多或少地继承的属性的复杂组合,她们的习惯受制于社会与经济力量。2)自然主义就是从现实主义当作者在写作的语气变得严肃与同情,但更多的讽刺与悲观。它只不过就是一个悲观的哲学方法现实,或人类生存。3 >德莱塞就是学校的一位领军人物。
4 Local Colorism(乡土文学)
Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province、 The characteristic setting is the isolated small town、
2) Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes、 Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local、
3) major local colorists is Mark Twain、
一般来说,地方色彩的著作关注的生活小,定义良好的地区或省。特点设置就是孤立的小镇。2)当地色彩设计师有意识地怀旧历史学家的消失的生活方式,记录消失在她们眼前的一份礼物。然而,尽管她们的多愁善感,她们致力于详细准确描述她们生活的地区,她们从个人工作经验记录当地环境与事实表明,本地生活就是由当地的好奇的条件。3)主要地方色彩就是马克·吐温。
5 The Lost Generation(迷惘的一代)
The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war、
2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date、
3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F、 Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos、迷惘的一代就是第一次使用的一个术语来描述战后一代美国作家:男人与女人被背叛与空虚的感觉带来的破坏性的战争。2 >充满年轻的理想主义,这些人寻求生命的意义,饮酒过度,有爱情,创建了一些最好的美国文学。3 >这三个著名的迷惘的一代的代表就是菲茨杰拉德,海明威与约翰·多斯帕索斯。
6 The Beat Generation(垮掉的一代)
The members of The Beat Generation were new bohemian libertines, who
engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity、
2> The Beat writers produced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non-conformity and for its non-conforming style、
3> the major beat writings are Allen Ginsberg‘s Howl、 Howl became the manifesto of The Beat Generation、垮掉的一代”的成员就是新波西米亚自由思想者,从事自发,有时凌乱,创造力。2 >击败作家产生了写的作品有争议的对其宣传的不合格与不合格的风格。3 >主要击败著作就是艾伦·金斯堡的嚎叫。嚎叫成为垮掉的一代”的宣言。
7 Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄)
Hemingway Code Hero, also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sensitive, enjoys the pleasures of life (sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself、
2> barnes in the sun also Rises, Henry in a Farewell to arms and Santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero
海明威式英雄,也称为代码的英雄,就是一个人,受伤但强大的更敏感,享受生活的乐趣(性别、酒精、运动)面对毁灭与死亡,与维护,通过某种概念的一个代码,一个理想的自己。2 >巴恩斯在太阳照常升起,亨利在永别了与圣地亚哥老人与海就是典型的海明威式的英雄
8 Free Verse(自由体诗歌)
Free verse means the rhymed or unrhymed poetry composed without paying
attention to conventional rules of meter、
2> free verse was originated by a group of French poets of the late 19th century、
3>their purpose was to free themselves from the restrictions of formal metrical patterns and to recreate instead the free rhythms of natural speech、
4>Walt Whitman‘s leaves of grass is, perhaps, the most notable example自由诗体意味着押韵或不押韵的诗没有关注传统规则由计组成。2 >自由诗体被一群起源于19世纪晚期的法国诗人。3 >目的就是免费自己从正式的韵律模式的限制与再现自然的自由节奏而不就是演讲。4 >沃尔特·惠特曼的草叶子,也许最著名的例子
9、 Black humor(黑色幽默)
Black humor is also known as black comedy、 It is a kind of writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world、 it is humor out of despair and laughter out of tears、黑色幽默就是也被称为黑色喜剧。就是一种写作的地方的元素与幽默的企图冲击读者,迫使她或她嘲笑的恐怖现实一个无序的世界。绝望的就是幽默与欢笑的泪水。
10、 American Dream(美国梦)
American Dream refers to the dream of material success、 In which one,
regardless of social status, acquires wealth and gains success by working hard and good luck、
in literature, the theme of American Dream recurs in The Great Gatsby comes from the west to the east with the dream of material success、 the novel tells the shattering of American Dream rather than its success、
美国梦就是指物质上的成功的梦想。哪一个,不管社会地位,通过努力工作获得财富并获得成功,祝您好运。在文学,《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的主题反复出现来自东方的西方物质成功的梦想。这部小说讲述了美国梦的破碎,而不就是它的成功。
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