博士英语翻译

博士英语翻译

被动的句子，不一定是‘被’，可以有多种翻译和表达。 “加以”, “经过”, “用……来”, ‘得’， ‘得以’，‘发生了’，“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”以及其他方式，比如主语宾语颠倒，增加施事人或翻译成无主语等。

He was robbed.

The apple was eaten. We are cheated.

You may be influenced by others.

Quality must be guaranteed first. 首先要保证质量。

It is amply justified by the result. 结果充分证明了假设。

My words had been misunderstood by others. 他们误解了我的话。

These issues were rarely touched. 大家很少谈及这些事情。 He was elected monitor, 他当选为班长。

Other questions will be discussed briefly（as follows）. 其他问题将简单地加以讨论。 其他问题给予简述。 其他问题不再赘述。 其他问题简述如下。

A new bill was adopted in the meeting. 会议通过了一项新的决议。

In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.

换言之, 矿物就是存在于地球上, 但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。

就是说，地球上的矿物质得经过挖、钻、爆破等才能获取。

例3.Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.

核能对健康、安全, 甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词来概括：辐射。 It could be argued It is often said,

It is generally accepted that

It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… It is believed that … 有人认为……

本世纪研发出不少新颖的交通工具，最新奇的要数气垫船。

Madame Curie will long be remembered as the discoverer of radium. 居里夫人因发现了化学元素镭而永载史册。

The injured were allowed hone after treatment at the local hospital, but one of the firemen was detained for observation.

伤者在当地医院经过治疗后已经允许回家，但其中一名消防员则住院观察。

New source of energy must be found, and this will take time…. 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间…… 另外, 下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译: It is hoped that … 希望……

It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说……

It is supposed that … 据推测……

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见……

On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as

the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

总的来说, 得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的, 但必须具备两个条件: 能够 假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同; 他也没有 因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

总的来说得出该结论是有一定把握的。但必须假定这孩子对测试的态度与其他孩子相同，还要假设他没有因为缺乏相关知识而扣过分。

Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man. 地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。

These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.

这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。

Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colors. 自然光或者“白光”实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。

The behavior of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors,

including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.

流体在管道中流动的情况, 受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。 They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial

planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for

some of the outer planets and their satellites.

它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的一种类似微星的基础材料。

这类物质可能来自地球卫星，也有人认为是类似小行星体的组块，用以阻碍外行星和它们的卫星。

Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。

科学史学家和思想家们很大程度上忽视了一个问题，即多年来工具和科技本身就是创新的重要来源。

Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是相反, 这往 往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

For example, one function of friendship seems to fulfill is that it supports the image

we have of ourselves, and confirms the value of the attitudes we hold.

例如, 友谊的一个作用似乎是支持我们在自己心目中的形象, 并使我们持有的价值观念更加坚定。

例2.The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. (92年考题)

如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话, 那么对所有被比较者来说, 前两个因素 必须是一样的。

例3.The first method is to give a synonym, a word that has nearly the

same meaning as the word you wish to define: face for countenance, nervousness for anxiety.

第一种方法是同义词法, 即给出一个与 要释义的词在意义上几乎相同的, 如用face表示countenance, 用nervousness表示anxiety.

例4.Behaviourists, in contrast, say that difference in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. (90年考题)

相反, 行为主义者认为, 成绩的差异是由于黑人常常被剥夺了白人在教育及其他外界环境方面所享有的许多有利条件而造成的。

例5.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.

(94年考题)

科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式, 也就是对一切现象进行 思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。

例6.A youngster who has no playmates of his age living nearby may benefit greatly from attending nursery school.

附近没有同龄伙伴和自己玩的儿童，上托儿所可以得到很多的益处。 二、后 置 法

当定语从句较长时, 如果翻译成前置的定语, 就会不符合汉语的表达习惯, 在这种情况下, 往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句, 放置于原来它所修词的后面。另外在处理此类定语从句时,

一般遵循的原则是: 若保留先行词, 则在第二个分句中加以重复, 若省略, 则两个并列分句中均不再保留。当然, 在实№的翻译过程中也有例外。 例1.All the water that flows through the wide pipe in a second must somehow get through a narrow part too, which it can do only by going faster.

在一秒钟内流过粗管子的全部水量, 一定会以某种方式通过细管子, 这只有靠加快流速才能做到。

例2.Perhaps light is some sort of electric wave, whose nature we do not yet understand.

也许,光是某种电波,其性质我们尚不清楚。

例3.They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力, 这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的, 在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。

例4.This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. (91年考题)

这种困境将是确定无疑的, 因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方法继续下去了, 而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。

例5.“In short”, a leader of the new school attends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (94年考题)

新学派的一位 袖人物坚持说:“简而言之, 我们所称谓的科学革命, 主要指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用, 这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。

例6.The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. (91年考题)

食品的供应将赶不上人口的增长, 这就意味著我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。

三、翻译成状语从句

英语中有些定语从句, 兼有状语从句的职能, 在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系, 说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系, 翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系,

然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。例如:

例1.He did not remember his father who died when he was three years old. 他不记得他父亲了, 因为他父亲死时他才三岁。

例2.However, iceberg water could be extremely cheap for some countries when compared with desalination, a process which requires much more fuel and much more money.

不过, 对某些国家来讲, 用冰山化水比海水脱盐相比, 费用可能极为便宜, 因 为脱盐过程 要更多燃料和更多的资金。

例3.Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.

如果认为理性知识不必由感性知识得来, 那他就是一个唯心主义者。

例4.…it was not until sixty years ago that a method of extracting aluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process. (88年考题)

……直到60年前人们才找到开采铝矿的方法, 从而使低成本、大规模冶炼金属铝成为可能。

例5.In office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. (85年考题)

在办公室里, 工作人员将各种数据、表格和信息加以汇编, 以便让经理或主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。

例6.Liquids, which contains no free electrons, are poor conductors of heat.

各种液体, 由于不含有自由电子, 是热的不良导体。

我们讲了定语从句的各种翻译方法，在这里我们还 要提醒大家，在翻译含有定语从句的句子时，我们应该特别注意在分析句子的结构上面下工夫，务必要搞清定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个。下面我们结合一个实例加以说明：

In fact a basic amount of movement occurs during sleep which is specifically concerned with preventing muscle inactivity. 曾经有人把这个句子翻译为：

事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种睡眠特别与防止肌肉活动有关。

在判断上述翻译的正误之前，我们首先分析一下这个句子中的定语从句所修饰的先行词，在这个句子中which引导的定语从句有两个可能被修饰的成分：a

basic amount of movement和sleep, 一般来讲，定语从句往往修饰离它最近的那个名词，但是在这个句子中，却不是这样，因为，如果是修饰sleep,

我们就会翻译成上面的句子，但是从句子的意义来看讲不通，因此，这个定语从句是修饰前面的a basic amount of movement应该翻译为：

事实上，在睡眠期间仍有一定基本量的活动，这种活动特别与防止肌肉活动中断有关。

由此我们可以看出，确定定语从句的先行词是极为重要的，做出正确的判断的关键在于分析句子的结构和熟悉划线的句子所出现的上下文。另外，我们还 要注意一些比较复杂的定语从句结构，也就是那些定语从句里又含有定语从句的情况，在翻译这类句子时我们应该注意灵活运用我们在前面讲述的一些翻译技巧，尤其要注意分析各个定语从句之间的关系，例如：

Behaviourists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment

where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. (90年考题） 上面句子的骨干结构为：Behaviourists suggest that the child … will experience … development,

这是一个复合句，在that所引导的宾语从句中，在主语child的后面是一个由who引导的定语从句，在在这个定语从句中又有一个由where引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词environment,

然后在这个定语从句中又有一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰前面的名词stimuli, 这就构成了一个一套三的定语从句结构，在翻译成汉语时，考虑到定语从句太长，我们 要将个别的定语从句分开来翻译，这样我们可以将此句翻译为：

行为主义者认为，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。 conference Assembly

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Stanford Humanities Center, Mariposa House

Stanford University

Stanford, California 94305-8630 USA

November 4, 1996

Chair

English Department Pomona College 140 W. 6th Street

Claremont, CA 91711

Professor Peter Smith Depart. Of Foreign L Colorado State Univer.

Fort Carolins, CO 80123-4561 USA

Prof. Zhang

School of Chinese L Shaanxi Normal Univer. Xi’an, Shaanxi 710062 China

Dear Professor Miller， Professor Cristanne Miller, To whom it may concern,

开始句:

I am writing to enquire Get information of..

I am writing to apply for the assistant professorship On behalf of the Center of foreign students, I will ask…

I am pleased to

I would be very pleased to invite you to attend and chair a session of, preside I wish I would

I sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation.

I feel sorry to miss the opportunity of meeting you… I will take the opportunity of …to Much to my regret, It is a great honor to..

I shall not be able to honor your invitation

I have received your letter on Sept. 12

I would like to take this opportunity to strongly encourage you to attend this conference

It is our great honor to invite

I would be grateful if you could send me further details about It is appreciated if

I am looking forward to meeting you soon in Xi’an

It is highly appreciated if you could give an earlier reply.

We would like to be informed of your personal background

I apologize for any inconvenience caused wherefrom. Enclosed herewith is my final paper.

Please contact us if you have any inquiries. Please get in touch with

I would like to express my thanks and appreciation for your abstract you submitted.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the acceptance of your paper titled… Please accept my congratulations on…

My dissertation is entitled…

The dissertation investigates the problem…

My scholarly interests range widely, from the history of law to economics

I hope to carry my interests in both Victorian and modernist literature into the classroom.

I believe I can help students

My teaching philosophy reflects my interests in collaborative authorship.

I prefer student-centered teaching that encourages learning by both students and teachers.

I favor classroom dynamics

I have enclosed a copy of my curriculum vitae and a writing sample I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely,

Paul K. Saint-Amour

Enclosed

encl.: curriculum vitae 简历 November 4, 1996

Professor Cristanne Miller, Chair English Department Pomona College 140 W. 6th Street

Claremont, CA 91711 Dear Professor Miller:

I am writing to apply for the assistant professorship in British literature of the Victorian period announced in the MLA Job Information List. I am currently completing a Ph.D. at Stanford University in nineteenth- and twentieth-century English literature. My dissertation is entitled \"Immense Debtorship: Originality, Literary Property, and Deficit Poetics in British Letters, 1840-1940.\"

The dissertation investigates the twin discourses of aesthetic and economic value in post-Romantic Britain. My inquiry focuses on originality and imitation--terms that have traditionally belonged to a purely literary domain--in order to implicate them in extra-literary discourses. I illustrate how the modern notion of originality not only appears, but evolves in relation to market forces, economic theory, and the legal developments they underwrite. After linking the cardinal Romantic virtue of originality to classical economic labor theories of value, I trace the nineteenth-century transition from classical political economy to the \"marginalist\" economics that flourished during the 1870's. This shift from the social scene of production to the individual scene of consumption, I claim, sponsors a concurrent aesthetic shift away from the productivist literary value of originality, with its attendant notions of inspiration, spontaneity, individual genius.

The result is a growing willingness at late-century to imitate, borrow, and even plagiarize--a kind of latter-day neoclassicism that culminates in the canny appropriations of the high modernists. This growth-industry in literary debt, furthermore, is licensed by the gradual decriminalizing of financial insolvency and the institutionalizing of consumer credit during the late nineteenth century: deficit economics begets a \"deficit poetics.\" Many Victorian writers paired debtorship with vampirism, on the grounds that both constituted a necessary pact with evil; my chapter on Eliot's poetry and George Viereck's 1907 novel The House of the Vampire explores the theme and practice of deficit poetics in light of this pairing. Profligate literary debtorship also operates, I argue, as a counter-tradition to the copyright laws solidifying during the period. And for two of the principle figures in this counter-tradition--the Irishmen Oscar Wilde and James Joyce--deficit poetics works as a colonial and post-colonial retort to the British tradition of private annexation embodied in copyright. Contrary to many formalist views, then, there is a politics of intertextuality. By concluding with a look at some late-twentieth-century intellectual property questions (copyright

extension bills, electronic media laws, the power of patents to protect corporate appropriations from developing nations), I suggest that mythologies of originality still have considerable ethical and political repercussions in the present. Having written three out of five chapters, I expect to submit the finished thesis in June of 1997.

My scholarly interests range widely, from the history of law and economics to turn-of-the-century sexology to Irish literature and ethnography. In a subsequent project, I plan to research Victorian ideas of order--in both artistic genres and ethnographic taxonomies like Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor--and how they inform a little-theorized aspect of certain modernist texts: the inventory. In addition, I hope to carry my interests in both Victorian and modernist literature into the classroom. The conventional divide between the two periods too often results in oversimplifications--imputing, say, a gritty materialism to Victorian fiction and a serene formalism to modernist writing. I believe I can help students see not only the ruptures, but the continuities between nineteenth- and twentieth-century literatures and cultures.

My teaching philosophy reflects my interests in collaborative authorship. Instead of the \"full frontal teaching\" method of large lectures of autocratic seminars, I prefer student-centered teaching that encourages learning by both students and teachers. I favor classroom dynamics that permit dialogue and foster a degree of student input as to curricula and grading criteria. And I like students to think about the class as a community. This means that in both composition and literature classes, I have students spend a fair amount of time in smaller groups in which they not only talk and think together, but write together. In keeping with this emphasis on process, I have used the portfolio grading method in my writing courses, and have been pleased by enthusiastic student reactions. I would be happy to send class syllabi and student evaluations on request.

I have enclosed a copy of my curriculum vitae and a writing sample excerpted from my chapter on the politics of literary property in Wilde. My dossier will arrive under separate cover from the Stanford Career Planning and Placement Center. I will gladly provide any other supporting materials upon request. I plan to attend the MLA convention in Washington D.C. this December, and would be pleased to meet with you there or elsewhere at your convenience. I look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely,

Paul K. Saint-Amour

Stanford Humanities Center Stanford University

Stanford, CA 94305-8630 (415) xxx-xxxx

encl.: curriculum vitae