一、词性分类:
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。 英文全称 英文缩写 例子 名词 noun n. student 学生 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 数词 numeral num. three 三 冠词 article art. a 一个 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦
二、名词分类:
专有名词 国名、地名、团体、机构、个别人名
普通名词 可数名词 单数形式 复数形式 不可数名词 三、名词单复数规则:
1 2 规则 一般情况在词尾加-s 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es 变-f和-fe为v再加-es 例词 map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 3 4 以-f或-fe结尾的词 5 6 7 8 belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以toy-toys, boy-boys, y结尾的,加-s day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, 词 photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 加-s 备注:不规则名词复数形式,如man-men, child-children, sheep-sheep, deer-deer
四、名词所有格(Possessive Case of Nouns):
单数名词 类别 不以-s结尾 构成方法 加 ‘s 例词 Mike’s ball Kate’s friend Your mother’s bag The actress’s James’s Children’s Day Your parents’ room Lucy and Lily’s mother Lucy’s and Kate’s rooms 以-s结尾 不以-s结尾 复数名词 以-s结尾 表示两者共同拥有时 表示两者各自拥有时 加 ‘s 加 ’ 只在最后一个名词后加’s 要在每个名词后加’s 动物和无生命事物的名词 一般不在词尾加\"'s\",而常常用介词of的短语来表示 a map of China 一幅中国地图 the name of her cat 她的猫的名字 a picture of my family 我的家庭的一张照片
五、代词:
一)、人称代词(Personal Nouns)
1.形式: 人称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I Me we us 第二人称 you you you you he him 第三人称 they them she her it it 2. 句法功能: 1)主格作主语
We come from France. She is a nurse.
Neither she nor I am a doctor. You are so nice. It is a lovely dog.
2)宾格作宾语
I called on him last night.
He drove it into the lamp-post. Please give me the small hammer. They showed us to his office.
温馨小贴士:
1、口语中,如果作表语,一般用主格,但也可以用宾格。日如:
That can't be she/her.
2、口语中,表比较的than和as 之后主格和宾格都可以,主格更为正式。如:
She plays basketball better than he/him. He is as fat as she/her.
3、单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格,即使它充当的是主语也是如此。如:
- I like the cake very much. - Me, too. - Who called me? - Him.
二)、物主代词(Possessives Nouns)
1. 形式: 单数 复数 类别 第一人第二人第三人称 第一人第二人第三人称 人称 称 称 称 称 数 形容词性 my your His her our your their 物主代词 its 名词性 mine yours his hers ours yours theirs 物主代词 its 2. 句法功能:
1). 形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词,所以主要用作定语,修饰名词,如
This is my book. That is not his pen
2). 名词性物主代词相当于名词,可做主语、宾语和表语
It's not your car. Yours is over there under the tree. My pen is broken. Can you lend me yours? The house is theirs.
三)、指示代词 指示代词 用法 例句 Is this your pen? 指时间,距离较近的或 These computers are cheap. this (复数 these) 下面要提到的人或事 I want to know this: Is he healthy? How much is that handbag? 指时间、距离较远的或 Are those your classmates? that (复数 those) 前面已经提到过的人She married Jim, and this [that] 或事物 surprised me
温馨小贴士:
1.在打电话时,通常用 this 指自己,用 that 指对方: Hello. This is Jim. Is that John? 喂,我是吉姆,你是约翰吗? 但在美国英语中指对方时也可用 this。
2. 除用作代词外,this 和that 都可用作副词,与形容词或副词连用,其义为“这么”、“那么”(=so):
It’s about this (that) high. 大约这(那)么高。 Is it this hot every day? 每天都有这么热吗?
六、There be 句型:
是一个“存在”句型,表示“有”的意思
1. 句子结构:There be + 名词(单数或复数)+地点状语或时间状语
当所接主语为单数或不可数名词时,be动词形式为is;当所接主语为复数名词时,be动词为are;当be动词后接两个以上主语时,be动词与最临近主语保持数上的一致。
There is an eraser and two pens on the table. There are two pens and an eraser on the table.
2. 否定形式为:There be + not + (any) + 名词+地点状语
There is not any cat in the room. 3. 一般疑问句:Be there + (any) +名词+地点状语?肯定回答:Yes, there is / are. 否定回答:No, there isn't / aren't.
Are there any boats in the river? 河里有船吗? ---No, there aren't. 没
4. 特殊疑问句:How many/much + are/is there +地点状语 “在某地共有多少人或物?”
How many students are there in the classroom? 教室里共有多少学生? How much food is there in the bowl? 碗里有多少食物?
七、一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作,或表示现在的特征、状态。
1)当主语是非第三人称单数时,行为动词的一般现在时变化形式(见下表)。 句式:主语+行为动词原形+其它 例子:We speak Chinese.
否定句:主语+don’t+行为动词原形+其他 例子:We don’t speak Chinese. 一般疑问句Do+主语+行为动词原形+其他? 例子: Do you speak Chinese? 肯定回答:Yes,主语+do 例子:Yes, we do. 否定回答:No,主语+don’t 例子:No, we don’t.
2)当主语是第三人称单数时,行为动词一般现在时的句型变化如下: (1)肯定句在行为动词原形后+s/es(其构成方法与名词单数变复数相同)。
(2)否定句用助动词doesn’t+动词原形。
(3)一般疑问句Does+主语+行为动词原形+其他?回答时,肯定用“Yes,主语+does.”;否定用“No,主语+doesn’t.”。
例子:Does she speak Chinese? 肯定回答:Yes,she does 否定回答:No, she doesn’t.
八、时间的表达法
(1) 直读式,即直接读出时间数字
7: 05 seven five 8:16 eight sixteen
(2) 过、差式,即几点差几分,几点过几分。(以30分为分界线)
1:25 twenty-five past one 2:30 half past two 3:43 seventeen to four 4:38 twenty-two to five (3) 12小时制
6:00 a.m. 上午6点
8:20 p.m. 下午8点20分 (4) 24小时制
13:00 13点钟 22:15 22点15分 (5) 15分可用quarter
4:15 a quarter past four 5:45 a quarter to six (6) 时间前通常用at.
at 5 o’clock at 7:30 p.m.
九、关于时间的问法
(1) 以when提问,“什么时候”可以是较长的时间段,也可以是较短的时间点 例句:When is your birthday? 你的生日是什么时候? My birthday is Dec. 29th. 我的生日是12月29日。 这里就是指一天的时间段
When do you go home? 你几点回家? I go home at 4:30 p.m. 我下午4:30回家. 这里when问的是具体的时间。 (2) 具体几点我们通常用what time提问
例子:What time is it now? 现在几点了? or What’s the time? 几点了? It’s 9:26. 现在九点二十六。
What time is it by your watch? 你手表几点了? It’s 8:36. Oh, It’s 50
minutes late 8:36,哦,它慢了50分钟。
What time do you get up? 你几点起床? I get up at 6:00 a.m. 我早上6点起床。
十、特殊疑问句 (常见特殊疑问词:what, who, where, when, why, how):
1. 问年龄 How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
2. 问种类 What kind of movies do you like? I like action movies and comedies.
3. 问身体状况 How is your uncle? He is well/fine.
4. 问方式 How do/can you spell it? L-double O-K.
How do we contact you? My e-mail address is ***.
5. 问原因 Why do you want to join the club?
6. 问时间 What’s the time? (=What time is it?) It’s a quarter to ten a.m..
When do you want to go? Let’s go at 7:00.
7. 问地方 Where’s my backpack? It’s under the table. 8. 问颜色 What color are they? They are light blue. 9. 问人物 Who’s thatn? It’s my sister.
Who is the boy i blue? My brother.
10. 问东西 What’s this/that (in English)? It’s a pencil case.
What else can you see in the picture? I can see some broccoli, straw
berries and hamburgers.
11. 问姓名 What’s your aunt’s name? Her name is Helen./She’s Helen. 12. 问哪一个 Which do you like? I like one in the box. 13. 问字母 What letter is it? It’s big D/small f.
14. 问价格 How much are these pants? They’re 15 dollars. What’s the price of the bottle? It is 10 dollars. 15. 问电话号码 What’s your phone number? It’s 576-8349. 16. 问谓语(动作) What’s he doing? He’s watching TV. 17. 问职业(身份) What do you do? I’m a teacher.
十一、现在进行时
1.肯定句式:主语 +be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.
They are working these days. He is buying a bike.
2.否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are)+not+现在分词+其它.
They aren’t working these days. He isn’t buying a bike.
3.一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
Are they working these days? Is he buying a bike?
4.特殊疑问句:疑问词 be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?
What are they doing these days?
备注:对一般疑问句作答,肯定回答:yes, 主语 be,否定回答:no, 主语 be not 对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答,它不可以用Yes 或No 直接作答,要根据实际情况回答。 5.现在分词的变法有: 1)、一般在动词词尾加上-ing
jump ——jumping go——going pushing——pushing play——playing 2)、以不发音字母e 结尾的动词,先去e ,再加-ing.
take ——takeing leave——leaving write——writing have——having
3)、. 以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写,再加上-ing.
cut —cutting, put—putting, stop—stopping, fit—fitting, begin—beginning, forget —forgetting
4)、 以ie 结尾的词,将ie 变为y 再加ing
lie —lying
十二、一般过去式: 1.Be 动词的过去式: 肯定句:I/He/she/it was(not)…
You/we/they were ...
一般疑问句将was, were 放在句首 2.动词过去式: 肯定句: 主语+V过去式+其他
I watched cartoons. She visited the zoo.
一般疑问句:Did+主语+V原形+其他
Did you read book last night? Yes, I did. No, I didn't. Did she clean the desk just now? Yes, she did. No, she didn't. 否定句:主语+didn’t+V原形+其他
They didn't go the the part yesterday. He didn't make model ships last week
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