概念
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 ▲句子成分分类 1．主语
主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如： 讲述“谁”
We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”
The classroom is very big.
1）．名词作主语。 如：A tree has fallen across the road. (一棵树倒下横在路上。) 2）．代词用作主语。如：You’re not far wrong. (你差不多对了)。 3）．数词用作主语。如：Three is enough. 三个就够了。 4）．名词化的形容词用作主语。
The idle are forced to work. 懒汉被迫劳动。 Old and young marched side by side. 老少并肩而行。
5）．副词用作主语。如：Now is the time. 现在是时候了。 Carefully does it. 小心就行。
6）．名词化的介词作主语。如：The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come. 我们必须承受人生之沉浮。
7）．不定式用作主语。 To find your way can be a problem.你能否找到路可能是一个问题。
It would be nice to see him again. 如能见到他，那将是一件愉快的事。 8）． 动名词用作主语。如：Smoking is bad for you. 吸烟对你有害。
Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work. 看电影是乐事， 制作影片则是苦事。
9）． 名词化的过去分词用作主语。如：The disabled are to receive more money. 残疾人将得到更多的救济金。
10）. 介词短语用作主语。如：To Beijing is not very far. 到北京不很远。
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11）.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine. 你无论什么时候准备好都行。
Because Sally wants to leave doesn’t mean that we have to. 不能说萨利要走因而我们也得走。
12）.句子用作主语。如：”How do you do ” is a greeting.“你好”是一句问候语。
▲ 在“There be …”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：
There are some bottles of milk in the box.
▲ 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2．谓语
谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语一般是动词或动词短语（助动词或情态动词＋主要动词），谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：
He is very generous.
She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German.
(1). What happened 发生了什么事
(2). He worked hard all day today. 他今天苦干了一天。 (3). The plane took off at ten o’clock. 飞机是十点起飞的。 (4). I am reading. 我在看书。
(5). What’s been keeping you all this time 这半天你在干什么来着 (6). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。
▲英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词，表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如：
(1). I had a swim yesterday. 我昨天游了一次水（had a swim 代替了swam） (2). Take a look at that! 你看看那个！（take a look 代替了 look） (3). He gave a sigh. 他叹了口气。（gave a sigh 代替了sighed）
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(4). I got a good shake-up.我受到了很大的震动。（a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分，彻底的)）
3．宾语
宾语是动作、行为的对象（动作的承受者），因此一般皆置于及物动词之后，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，有时，会有双宾语。如：
1）名词作宾语 He never forgives others for their mistakes. 2）代词做宾语 He often helps me.
3）不定式作宾语 He likes to sleep in the open air. 4）动名词作宾语 The Americans enjoyed living in China. 5）从句做宾语 I believe that they can finish the work in time. ▲直接宾语和间接宾语
及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象，一般指动作的承受者。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等。 We brought them some food.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。 4．补语
补语是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语，补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语.
(1). 形容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。 Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。 有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。 3
（2）宾语的补足语
在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语＋宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个句子的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:
1）名词作宾补 If you let me go, I’ll make you king. 2）形容词作宾补 Don’t make your hands dirty. 3）副词作宾补 We found Li Ming out when we arrived. 4）介词短语作宾补 Make yourself at home.
5）省略to的不定式作宾补 I saw a girl go into the building. 6）带to的不定式作宾补 The boy ordered the dog to lie down. 7）现在分词作宾补 The boss kept them working all day. 8）过去分词作宾补 Yesterday he got his leg broken. ▲在英语中,常见的“宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构有：
①“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。
We call him Jack.
They made Li Lei their monitor.
②“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：
Do you think his idea wrong We must keep our classroom clean.
③“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.
④“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如：
We found everything in good order. We regard him as our good friend. ⑤“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式
The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 4
The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read English in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to
She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.
⑥“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。
I saw them playing on the playground. I heard Mary singing in the classroom.
⑦“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen.
The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. ⑧形式宾语＋形容词
We found it impossible to get there before Saturday. ⑨宾语+what 从句
Call me what you like.
Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today. 5．表语
表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它的位置在系动词后面，与之构成所谓的系表结构。由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当。 1）形容词作表语 You look younger than before. 2）名词作表语 My father is a teacher. 3）副词作表语 Everyone is here.
4）介词短语作表语 They are at the theatre . 5）不定式作表语 My job is to teach them English. 6）动名词作表语 Complimenting（赞美，祝贺） is lying. ▲补充：
能做系动词的实义动词：
come , go , run, turn ,get , become , keep , stay , make (表变化的动词) fell，sound ,smell , look , taste （感观动词） seem, appear (似乎，好像) 例如：
1．Our dream has come true. 我的梦想实现了。（Come后常加 easy ,loose natural 等） 5
2. He fell sick. 他病了。 Keep fit.保重。
Keep作为系动词还常接quiet ，calm ，cool， well， warm ，silent，clean，dry 3．The well ran dry. 这口井干枯了。（short , loose , wild , cold 等） 4．A thin person always seems to be taller than he really is. 一个瘦个子似乎比他的实际高度要高些。 6．定语
定语用来修饰名词或代词品质与特征的词或一组词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如：
1）形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 2）代词作定语 What’s your name
3)名词作定语 They made some paper flowers.
4)介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One. 5)从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 6)数词作定语 There’s only one way to do it. 基数词用作后置定语： page 24 ,Room 201 ,the year 1949 7) 副词充当定语时常后置
the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 8)不定式用作定语
Her promise to write was forgotten.她忘记了答应写信的事。 9)动名词用作定语.
A walking stick 拐杖 learning method 学习方法 10)分词充当定语
a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者 11)介词短语用作定语。
This is a map of China. 这是一幅中国地图。
▲ 在英语中，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故6
称“后置定语”。
▲ 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： We’ll go to have something English.
If you don’t know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me ▲介词短语作定语时要后置。如：
Do you know the boy behind the tree？ The students in the room are all my friends.
I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right. ▲动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink
I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.
注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do you have any piece of music to listen to ▲nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如： We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below The people downstairs are listening to a talk now They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once. 7．状语
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词以及全句的句子成分。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如：
▲状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 （1）。时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow In China now leads the world. (2).地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。 There are plenty of fish in the sea. 7
She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).
（3）。原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。 Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them.
(4). 结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。 She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.
(5). 目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。 He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder. (6). 条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。 We’ll be lucky to get there before dark. If he were to come, what should we say to him (7). 让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。
For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。 He helped me although he didn’t know me. (8).程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。 The lecture is very interesting.
To what extent would you trust them 你对他们信任程度如何 （9）伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。 My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten. He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.
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