现在完成时延续性与暂短性动词用法

现在完成时（短暂性动词与延续性动词）的用法之蔡仲巾千创作

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）

（1）现在完成时用来暗示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.

I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)

Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)

Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱)

He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地)

（2）现在完成时可以用来暗示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词暗示）或状态（be动词暗示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.

Mary has been ill for three days.

I have lived here since 1998.

注（超重要）：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不克不及直接与for since 连用。要改变动词

come-bego out-be outfinish-be overopen-be open

die-be dead

1.have代替buy

My brother has had(不克不及用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

2、用keep或have代替borrow

I have kept(不克不及用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher?

4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

5、用wear代替put on

b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词

1、be＋married代marry 2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill

3、be＋dead代die 4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep

5、be＋awake代wake/wake up 6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave

7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut

9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose

c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词

1“be＋on”代start,begin

2“be＋up”代get up

3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to

4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词

1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to

2.用be in the army 代替join the army

3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

经常使用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：

1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.

→have been in sw./at…相应的介词

2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back

3. have come/gone out →have been out

4. have become → have been

5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open

6. have got up → have been up；

7. have died → have been dead；

8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.

9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；

10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；

11. Havemarried → have been married；

12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；

13. have begun → have been on

14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had

15. have lost → haven’t had

16. have put on →have worn

17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；

18. have got to know → have known

19. have/has gone to → have been in

20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army

→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…

注意： 1.现在完成时不克不及单独与准确时间连用，(如暗示过去的时间状语）

如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.

2.现在完成时往往同暗示不确定的过去时间状语连用

,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately等:

He has already obtained(得到\\获得) a scholarship(奖学金).

I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).

We have seen that film before.

Have they found the missing child yet ?

3. 现在完成时经常与暗示频度的时间状语连用,

如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice等:

Have you ever been to Beijing

I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.

I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.

4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包含现在时间在内的时间状语连用, 如now, these

days/weeks/months/years, thismorning/week/month/year, just, today, so far等:

Peter has written six papers so far.

There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.

5.现在完成时的\"完成用法\"

现在完成时的\"完成用法\"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在发生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如：He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时\"完成用法\"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与暗示不定的过去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)、包含现在时刻在内的时间状语(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)连用。

例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的钢笔了吗？

6.现在完成时的\"未完成用法\"

现在完成时的\"未完成用法\"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。

例如：He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来，他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)

I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在军队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前，一直延续至今，有可能还要继续下去。)

此种用法的句中常需一个暗示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或暗示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如：so far)等。

例如：I have heard nothing from him so far.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意：(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不成用于终止性动词，即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。

8.一段时间+has passed+since从句

9. 现在完成时常和短语 \"up to now /till now\意思是从过去某一确定的时间一直延续到现在.)

Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已读过好多故事书。

I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到纽约去过三次。

10 has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别

gone:去了没回been to :去过been in：呆了很久

11.不克不及与when连用